Leukemia

A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)

Also Known As:

Networked: 58722 relevant articles (3423 outcomes, 7425 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Lymphoma (Lymphomas)
3.	Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia)
4.	Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia)
5.	BCR-ABL Positive Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia)

Experts

1.	Nagler, Arnon: 189 articles (10/2022 - 01/2002)
2.	Mohty, Mohamad: 162 articles (10/2022 - 08/2003)
3.	Labopin, Myriam: 160 articles (10/2022 - 04/2002)
4.	Kantarjian, Hagop: 120 articles (09/2022 - 03/2002)
5.	Andreeff, Michael: 103 articles (01/2022 - 02/2002)
6.	Konopleva, Marina: 97 articles (04/2022 - 07/2002)
7.	Efferth, Thomas: 96 articles (05/2022 - 03/2002)
8.	Huang, Xiao-Jun: 90 articles (10/2022 - 10/2005)
9.	Ciceri, Fabio: 85 articles (10/2022 - 11/2002)
10.	Blaise, Didier: 83 articles (10/2022 - 08/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Leukemia:

1.	Cytarabine (Cytosar-U)FDA LinkGeneric 10/06/2015 - "The combination of the diabody or ds-diabody and Ara-C was highly effective in enhancing the cytotoxicity of T cells against the CD19+ human leukemia cell-line, Nalm-6, both in vitro and in vivo. " 01/01/2023 - "Intravenous or subcutaneous cytarabine infusions have been effective for leukemia patients, and pharmacokinetic studies have shown very similar blood levels of the drug with either route. " 08/01/1986 - "This differential effect of ara-C on leukemic and normal hematopoietic stem cell kinetics might in part explain the mechanisms of achieving a complete remission in acute leukemia." 01/01/2022 - "High-dose cytarabine monotherapy is superior to standard-dose cytarabine- based multiagent sequential treatment cycle for consolidation treatment in adult (14-59 years) AML patients according to European Leukemia Net 2022 risk stratification." 01/01/2016 - "If patients achieved complete remission of leukemia, they received one or two cycles of consolidation with cytarabine. "
2.	Imatinib Mesylate (Gleevec)FDA Link 04/01/2015 - "Although imatinib is an effective treatment for CML and most patients treated with imatinib do attain some form of remission, imatinib does not completely eradicate all leukemia cells, and if treatment is stopped, all patients eventually relapse (Cortes, 2005). " 01/01/2004 - "Although Imatinib, the first molecularly targeted drug developed for CML has achieved a remarkable success, the emergence of resistance to this agent mitigates the prospect of a cure for this leukemia. " 07/01/2015 - "The patient was treated with imatinib and achieved complete clinical remission of his leukemia and the GEH. " 11/01/2008 - "Treatment with imatinib is very effective in Bcr-Abl positive leukemia. " 05/01/2011 - "The simulations presented in this paper imply that treatment programs that involve strategic treatment interruptions may prevent leukemia from relapsing and may prevent remission for significantly longer than continuous imatinib treatment. "
3.	AntigensIBA 12/01/2010 - "We analyzed the results of MRD detection in morphologically complete remission bone marrow aspirates from 89 patients with newly-diagnosed or relapsed acute leukemia, in which leukemic cells had cross-lineage antigen expression. " 01/01/1987 - "Analysis of the antigen expression by individual cells within the parental and the selected cell populations was achieved by flow cytometry and demonstrated a marked decrease of the leukemia-associated antigen expression on individual cells within the selected subpopulation. " 01/01/2016 - "Recipients of HD TIV had significantly greater fold increase in HAI titers to B antigen in leukemia group and to H1 antigen in ST group compared to SD TIV recipients. " 09/01/2004 - "After HGF gene transfer, acute GVHD was reduced, while mature donor T-cell responses to host antigens were preserved, resulting in a significant improvement of leukemia-free survival. " 05/30/2022 - "Three phlorotannins from Sargassum carpophyllum are effective against the secretion of allergic mediators from antigen-stimulated rat basophilic leukemia cells."
4.	Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2023 - "Significance of Degree of HLA Disparity Using T-cell Replete Peripheral Blood Stem Cells From Haploidentical Donors With Posttransplantation Cyclophosphamide in AML in First Complete Hematologic Remission: A Study of the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT." 10/01/1977 - "In addition, it is possible to initiate successful therapy 5 days after leukemia implantation providing that the initial cyclophosphamide, given in two doses of 100 mg/kg each and spaced 7 days apart, is administered prior to establishment of graft-versus-host reaction. " 04/01/1991 - "In a third group of new regimens reporting improved antileukemia efficacy and increased leukemia-free survival, results are not convincingly superior to cyclophosphamide and total body radiation. " 01/01/2010 - "The aim of the study was to compare the therapeutic efficacy of total body irradiation (TBI)/cyclophosphamide (CY) versus BU/CY as conditioning regimen for leukemia. " 12/01/1985 - "Protection also was observed in EL-4-bearing mice that were treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) rather than by immunization, however, the protective effects were observed only when CY treatment was instituted 6 days after inoculation of live leukemia cells. "
5.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 12/01/2011 - "LSD1 protein expression level was detected by semi-quantitative Western blot in HL-60 and SHI-1 leukemia cell line, in bone marrow mononuclear cells of acute AL patients with different condition [new diagnosis, complete remission (CR) and relapse] and in patients with non malignant hematopathy (control). " 08/01/1977 - "(i) Absorption of anti-K36 serum with GCSA(+), but not GCSA(-), leukemias led to a marked decrease in precipitation of these proteins. " 01/01/2022 - "The identification of differentially expressed proteins, such as relapse and drug resistance proteins involved in leukemia by using various ionization sources and mass analyzers of mass spectrometry techniques, has helped scientists find better diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies. " 10/01/2019 - "Therein, pyridone derivatives were more effective against BRD4 protein and human leukemia cell lines MV4-11. " 03/01/2012 - "Agents modeled after our Se-protein conjugates may prove useful for the treatment of leukemia."
6.	Chimeric Antigen ReceptorsIBA 01/01/2017 - "Recent clinical trials using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy to treat patients with leukemia have shown very promising results. " 01/01/2015 - "This is impressively demonstrated by redirecting T cells with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) towards CD19, inducing complete and lasting remission of leukemia in more than two-thirds of patients in early phase trials. " 12/01/2019 - "Ninety percent of relapse/refractory B-cell acute lymphatic leukemia (R/R B-ALL) patients can achieve complete remission (CR) after CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy. " 01/01/2017 - "CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are clinically effective in a limited set of leukemia patients. " 12/01/2022 - "Adaptive CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell transfer has become a promising treatment for leukemia. "
7.	Methotrexate (Mexate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1978 - "The leukemia became manifest while the patient was in a remarkable remission brought about by treatment with high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum rescue. " 09/01/2015 - "The aim of this study is to investigate the association of ABCB1 polymorphisms with susceptibility to adult acute leukemia, and the influence of ABCB1 polymorphisms on the efficacy of high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX). " 01/01/2022 - "RZ-2994 also decreased leukemia burden in vivo and remained effective in the setting of methotrexate resistance in vitro. " 09/01/1992 - "After the first relapse of the central nervous system (CNS) leukemia, intrathecal administration of methotrexate (MTX) and skull irradiation induced CNS remission. " 01/01/1983 - "Bone marrow cells from children with leukemia in remission and lymphoblasts and myeloblasts from children with early and late-stage leukemia all accumulated methotrexate during short-term culture and converted it to poly-gamma-glutamyl derivatives. "
8.	Tyrosine Kinase InhibitorsIBA 07/04/2017 - "Treatment of BCR-ABL+ human leukemia has been significantly improved by ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), but they are not curative for most patients and relapses are frequently associated with BCR-ABL mutations, warranting new targets for improved treatments. " 04/01/2010 - "Known as a disease with an inexorable progression to acute leukemia for many years, its natural history has been dramatically improved by the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). " 08/01/2011 - "Second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI 2) represent a recent important improvement in the treatment of Philadelphia positive leukemias. " 03/01/2015 - "In the post-transplant period, multivariate analysis identified prophylactic tyrosine-kinase inhibitor administration to be a significant factor for improved leukemia-free survival (HR=0.44; P=0.002) and overall survival (HR=0.42; P=0.004), and a lower relapse incidence (HR=0.40; P=0.01). " 10/02/2014 - "In such patients, FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are only partially effective and do not eliminate the leukemia stem cells (LSCs) that are assumed to be the source of treatment failure. "
9.	Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2019 - "Finally, primary blasts derived from leukemia patients experiencing chemoresistant relapse that were exposed to these nanoparticles were sensitized to doxorubicin, as evidenced by suppression of leukemic cell growth and a significant reduction of the doxorubicin IC50 value. " 01/01/2021 - "Our previous study reported that targeting the mTOR pathway may increase cell sensitivity to doxorubicin (Doxo) and provide an improved therapeutic approach to leukemia. " 11/01/1996 - "In an actual application, these two kinds of modifications in the previous SRB assay procedure were also proved to be effective in the determination of cytotoxicities of doxorubicin by using human leukemias." 09/01/2023 - "These results may contribute to the effective and safe use of Doxorubicin in pediatric patients with leukemia." 01/01/1997 - "CPA and doxorubicin improved survival in the HL60 leukemia model (P = 0.0018). "
10.	Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2017 - "There were no statistically significant differences regarding gender, age, risk group, morphology, promyelocytic leukemia breakpoint cluster region, use of all-trans retinoic acid, development of differentiation syndrome and number of days to complete remission between the patients who relapsed and those who did not. " 01/01/2002 - "All-trans retinoic acid as a single agent induces complete remission in a patient with acute leukemia of M2a subtype." 07/15/1997 - "All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been used for APL patients as a potent therapeutic agent to induce differentiation of leukemia cells. " 10/01/1995 - "Despite these findings the patient obtained a complete morphological and cytogenetic remission of the leukemia following treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid. " 03/01/1995 - "Aucte promyelocytic leukemia (APL) can be treated by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) with high complete remission rate. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 11/24/2022 - "In biochemical and cellular assays, 10h stood out as a potent unselective HDACi with remarkable cytotoxic potential against different therapy-resistant leukemia cell lines. " 02/02/2020 - "Characterized by t (15; 17), with a resultant PML-RARA gene fusion driving leukemia development, advances in therapy have improved outcomes for APL significantly in the past several decades, now making APL the most curable form of AML in both children and adults. " 03/01/2008 - "The optimal post-remission therapy in the first complete remission offers the best opportunity for leukemia-free survival. " 07/01/1995 - "Improved leukemia therapies in children have brought about prolonged remissions with extramedullary relapses being reported in sites other than the most common (bone marrow, testes, brain, and spinal cord). " 04/01/1994 - "The prognosis in leukemia cutis is generally poor; the best results have been achieved with a combination of systemic and local therapy."
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2023 - "The cognitive intervention plus PMR intervention is the most effective in improving QoL with cost-effectiveness among patients with acute leukemia receiving chemotherapy. " 08/01/2021 - "Current multiagent chemotherapy regimens have improved the cure rate in acute leukemia patients, but they are highly toxic and poorly efficient in relapsed patients. " 07/01/2020 - "Chemotherapy is currently the most effective means of treatment of leukemia which has greatly improved survival rate, but it also induces undesirable adverse effects and high recurrence rate. " 05/01/2001 - "Leukemia is rare in pregnancy and treatment with intensive, multiagent chemotherapy produces complete remission in most adults, but might have deleterious effects on fetuses. " 01/01/2000 - "However, AML-M3 has a lower first remission rate and a higher morbidity and mortality rate than most of the other acute leukemias when treated with conventional chemotherapy. "
3.	Transplantation 01/01/2008 - "While among all leukemias this transplantation regimen had the best outcome in CML, trials with reduced intensity conditioning regimens (RIC) were rather humbling and recurrence of the neoplastic clone occurred frequently. " 04/01/2011 - "These results support the notion that allogeneic SCT offers only a small chance of cure for most pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia, and suggest that reduction of the leukemia burden and earlier optimal timing of transplantation are essential for long-term survival even in patients with refractory acute leukemia." 01/01/2001 - "GATA-2 transcripts was highly expressed in leukemia patients and had no change in remission but significantly decreased in post-transplantation patients. " 11/01/1997 - "Allogenic transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow or peripheral blood have given the best results in the treatment of acute and chronic leukemia. " 01/01/1993 - "After injection of WEHI-3 leukemia cells, syngeneic BMT cured most of the recipients (62%) and transplantation of (C57xBalb)F1 marrow provided no additional benefit. "
4.	Bone Marrow Transplantation (Transplantation, Bone Marrow) 03/01/1997 - "Allogenic bone marrow transplantation is the treatment of choice in chronic granulocyte leukemia patients, while the best results are achieved when it is performed in the chronic phase of the illness. " 04/01/1994 - "Although allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has been shown to be a highly effective treatment for acute and chronic leukemia, leukemic relapse remains a significant problem. " 04/01/1993 - "The role of total body irradiation (TBI) for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for acute leukemia in first complete remission was reevaluated in this study. " 01/01/2014 - "A 50-year-old Caucasian male was referred to allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with a high-risk acute lymphoblastic B leukemia in first complete remission. " 12/01/2007 - "[Proportions of cells expressing CD38-/CD34+, CD38+/CD34+, CD19+/CD34+, or CD13,33+/CD34+ in the regenerating bone marrows during complete remission of acute leukemia or after bone marrow transplantation]."
5.	Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 02/01/2010 - "Most children diagnosed with leukemia are cured without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but for some high-risk subgroups, allogeneic HSCT plays an important role in their therapeutic approach. " 01/01/2022 - "For acute leukemia (AL) with adverse prognostic factors, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is the standard care option after the first complete remission. " 11/22/2021 - "Patients with acute leukemia who are unable to achieve complete remission prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) have dismal outcomes, with relapse rates well in excess of 60%. " 12/01/2020 - "The appropriateness of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children and adolescents with leukemia in whom complete remission is not possible remains unclear. " 08/01/2017 - "Two patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) without achieving complete remission (CR) and died of leukemia. "