Leptospirosis

Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.

Also Known As:

Cane-Cutter Fever; Canicola Fever; Leptospira Canicola Infection; Leptospira Infection; Leptospirosis Canicola; Mud Fever; Rice-Field Fever; Stuttgart Disease; Swineherd's Disease; Cane Cutter Fever; Fever, Canicola; Fever, Mud; Fever, Rice-Field; Fevers, Cane-Cutter; Infection, Leptospira; Infection, Leptospira Canicola; Infections, Leptospira; Infections, Leptospira Canicola; Leptospira Canicola Infections; Leptospira Infections; Leptospiroses; Leptospirosis Canicolas; Rice Field Fever; Swineherd's Diseases

Networked: 2086 relevant articles (137 outcomes, 301 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Infections: 526564
- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses: 1
  - Bacterial Infections: 24368
    - Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: 918
      - Spirochaetales Infections: 27
        Leptospirosis: 2086
        Weil Disease: 86

Related Diseases

1.	Infections
2.	Malaria
3.	Leptospirosis
4.	Hepatitis
5.	Hemorrhage

Experts

1.	Ko, Albert I: 29 articles (01/2022 - 08/2003)
2.	Reis, Mitermayer G: 27 articles (01/2022 - 08/2003)
3.	Vasconcellos, Silvio A: 25 articles (01/2022 - 03/2005)
4.	Nascimento, Ana L T O: 25 articles (01/2021 - 03/2005)
5.	Yan, Jie: 23 articles (01/2020 - 01/2005)
6.	Chang, Yung-Fu: 22 articles (09/2021 - 10/2004)
7.	Natarajaseenivasan, Kalimuthusamy: 21 articles (04/2022 - 10/2004)
8.	Dellagostin, Odir A: 19 articles (01/2022 - 08/2007)
9.	Haake, David A: 19 articles (12/2020 - 01/2002)
10.	Romero, Eliete C: 19 articles (12/2019 - 03/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Leptospirosis:

1.	VaccinesIBA 12/01/2009 - "In determining the efficacy of new vaccine candidates for leptospirosis, the primary end point is death and an important secondary end point is sterilizing immunity. " 01/01/2008 - "Unfortunately, the current gold standard test used for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis has some drawbacks and there is no vaccine available for successful prevention of leptospirosis in humans. " 11/01/2001 - "These data indicate that Hap1 could be a good candidate for developing a new generation of vaccines able to induce broad protection against leptospirosis disease." 01/01/2022 - "Our study has demonstrated that commercially available vaccines against leptospirosis can provide an overall 84% protection against clinical disease and 88% against renal carrier status. " 05/14/2023 - "This, in turn, will lead to a better understanding of the overall genomic diversity and gene content of Leptospira spp. that cause leptospirosis, aiding epidemiology and the development of improved diagnostics and vaccines."
2.	AntigensIBA 11/16/2006 - "The current major focus in leptospirosis research is to discover conserved protective antigens that may elicit longer-term protection against a broad range of Leptospira. " 04/01/1992 - "These findings show that the AF-ELISA can be used effectively as a species-specific antigen for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis in swine and that sonicated whole cells can substitute excellently for purified AF as the antigen source. " 12/01/2011 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate 27 recombinant antigens to determine their potential to induce an immune response protective against leptospirosis in the hamster model. " 03/07/2022 - "Finally, these surface-exposed antigens are discussed in the application of the diagnosis target for leptospirosis and compared with the serum microscope agglutination test (MAT), the gold standard for leptospirosis." 12/03/2020 - "Protection against leptospirosis conferred by Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressing antigens from Leptospira interrogans."
3.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 01/20/2010 - "The randomised trials suggest that antibiotics could be a useful treatment for leptospirosis. " 01/01/2000 - "The randomised trials suggest that antibiotics could be a useful treatment for leptospirosis. " 01/01/2022 - "In addition to antibiotics, some immune activators have shown protective effects against leptospirosis. " 01/01/2017 - "We selected randomized controlled trials, assessing efficacy of antibiotics for the treatment of leptospirosis as a case study. " 11/13/2001 - "The method is also suitable for experimental evaluation of improved antibiotic treatments for leptospirosis."
4.	AntibodiesIBA 06/01/2019 - "Comparison of the ELISA assay with MAT for the detection of Leptospiral antibodies showed a positive correlation (r value 0.345, p < 0.05), and signified the diagnostic efficacy of rPI-PLC for the definitive diagnosis of the Leptospirosis. " 07/01/2015 - "Early diagnosis of leptospirosis in humans is critical with regard to initiation of appropriate treatment; however, the gold standard serological test cannot detect antibodies until nearly a week after symptom onset. " 01/01/2014 - "Leptospirosis was determined using the gold standard microscopic agglutination test for determination of Leptospira antibodies. " 01/01/2002 - "An improved immunohistochemical diagnostic technique for canine leptospirosis using antileptospiral antibodies on renal tissue." 07/22/2023 - "In view of the scarcity of information about leptospirosis in donkeys, the objective of this study was to detect the presence of Leptospira spp. and anti-leptospiral antibodies in donkeys rescued by a zoonosis center located in the Caatiga biome, Brazilian semiarid region. "
5.	Doxycycline (Periostat)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2006 - "Doxycycline is effective in preventing leptospirosis in travelers. " 11/01/2014 - "Four who received doxycycline and two who did not, developed leptospirosis, resulting a protective efficacy of 86.3% (CI = -9.8%-98.2%). " 02/23/1984 - "Twenty cases of leptospirosis occurred in the placebo group (an attack rate of 4.2 per cent), as compared with only one case in the doxycycline group (attack rate, 0.2 per cent, P less than 0.001), yielding an efficacy of 95.0 per cent. " 02/23/1984 - "This study demonstrated the value of doxycycline as a prophylactic drug against leptospirosis." 09/01/2023 - "Some prescriptions (eg, doxycycline for prophylaxis against leptospirosis) depend on the planned activities while abroad. "
6.	Immunoglobulin M (IgM)IBA 05/01/2021 - "(3) Microscopic agglutination test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing leptospirosis; however, now IgM ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are more frequently used for diagnosis. " 01/01/2016 - "ArgC and RecA thus elicited specific IgM responses and were therefore effective in laboratory confirmation of Leptospira infection. " 04/01/2016 - "Inclusion of PCR and IgM ELISA tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis resulted in improved sensitivity in comparison with MAT alone. " 11/01/1999 - "Assessment of the efficacy of an IgM-elisa and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) in the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis." 12/02/2022 - "The study aimed at determining prevalence of leptospirosis as a cause of febrile illness in neonates using IgM ELISA and a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). "
7.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 07/01/2009 - "Among the four pathogenic serovars, the more virulent serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae (which is most commonly associated with severe leptospirosis in patients) had significantly greater levels of 14 forms of 12 unique proteins, when compared with the other three pathogenic serovars. " 11/03/2023 - "Further studies on OM-localized proteins may shed light on the pathogenesis of leptospirosis and serve as the basis for effective countermeasures." 01/01/2022 - "Computation-driven structure-function studies of VM proteins will guide experimentation towards mechanistic understandings of leptospirosis pathogenesis, which underlie development of new therapeutic and preventive measures for this devastating disease." 12/01/2021 - "All sera from leptospirosis patients tested in this study reacted with both ColA and LipL32 proteins. " 01/01/2020 - "Through immunohistochemistry, this study showed the presence of LipL32 and Lp25 proteins on muscle cell membranes and in the underlying cytoplasm of skeletal muscles, as well as focal lesions in cardiac tissues of fatal cases of leptospirosis. "
8.	EnzymesIBA 05/01/2011 - "Analysis of the production of the enzyme by various serovars showed that the pathogenic serovars expressed significant amount of this enzyme while nonpathogenic forms either did not express or showed only very low activity, suggesting that this enzyme may be associated with pathogenesis of leptospirosis." 09/01/2007 - "Four serologic assays for leptospirosis had sensitivities of 72 to 88% and specificities of 88 to 100% in the setting of highly endemic urban transmission, indicating that assays using enzyme-linked immunosorbency and rapid formats may be used as alternatives to the microscopic agglutination test for diagnosing urban leptospirosis. " 06/01/2007 - "[Diagnosis of leptospirosis: evaluation of a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay in different stages of the disease]." 09/01/2005 - "We assessed the usefulness of clinical criteria and compared these with enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA) for the early detection of leptospirosis. " 01/01/1994 - "In case of a favorable course of leptospirosis in the initial period and at the peak a great number of intercellular correlations are formed between neutrophilic, lymphocytic, and monocytic enzymes. "
9.	ImmunosorbentsIBA 06/01/2017 - "Here, we aimed to assess the performance of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) (ELISA Serion and ELISA-Hb Pasteur) and one immunodot (GenBio) using quantitative PCR (qPCR) as gold standard, instead of the traditional microscopic agglutination test, for the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in an endemic area. " 06/01/2020 - "Our study also underscores the usefulness of confirming the leptospiral serology by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in combination with relevant epidemiological and clinical features in diagnosing leptospirosis using the modified Faine's criteria." 03/17/2020 - "The aim of this study was to determine urinary shedding of Leptospira in dogs in Thailand, to evaluate antibody prevalence by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and to assess risk factors for Leptospira infection. " 08/01/2019 - "We included 41 studies evaluating nine index tests (conventional PCR (in short: PCR), real-time PCR, nested PCR, PCR performed twice, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dot-ELISA, immunochromatography-based lateral flow assay, and dipstick assay) with 5981 participants (1834 with and 4147 without leptospirosis). " 05/01/2017 - "Development of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of canine leptospirosis."
10.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 03/01/2018 - "Among the 236 samples with positive results geometric mean Leptospira concentrations were 152 GEq/mL. The probability of finding Leptospira DNA was higher in sewage samples collected during the rainy season when increased leptospirosis incidence occurred, than during the dry season (47.2% vs 12.5%, respectively, p = 0.0002). " 08/11/2010 - "Expanding the diagnostic use of PCR in leptospirosis: improved method for DNA extraction from blood cultures." 03/01/2000 - "Protection against leptospirosis by immunization with plasmid DNA encoding 33 kDa endoflagellin of L. " 05/06/2020 - "This study provides the first molecular analysis that identifies infecting Leptospira directly on DNA from biological samples of dogs, showing that serogroup Australis can lead to a severe clinical presentation of leptospirosis in infected dogs." 12/01/2016 - "The aim of the study was to detect the leptospiral DNA by PCR method and to compare the results of PCR with other available diagnostic methods used for diagnosis of suspected leptospirosis cases in acute phase of illness. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 09/01/2018 - "Studies are required to understand the clinical relevance of the phenomenon and its contribution to biofilm formation in the host, resulting in the failure of antimicrobial therapy during the treatment of chronic leptospirosis." 09/01/2012 - "Evidence suggests that direct myocardial damage occurs in patients with severe leptospirosis, and further studies are recommended to elucidate its pathophysiology, clinical features and contribution to overall prognosis, and to identify appropriate diagnostic investigations and specific therapies." 08/11/2010 - "This study suggests that a specific and early diagnosis can be obtained in most cases of severe leptospirosis for up to five days after initiation of antimicrobial therapy, if PCR is applied to blood cultures already sampled as a routine procedure in most septic patients." 08/01/2008 - "Although antimicrobial therapy of leptospirosis has been studied in a few randomized controlled clinical studies, those studies were limited to specific regions of the world and few have characterized infecting strains. " 07/31/2023 - "The structural understanding of the extracellular portion of LigA and its interaction with the ECM provides insight into developing new therapeutics directed toward leptospirosis."
2.	Chemoprevention 01/01/2017 - "The results of this study suggest that chemoprophylaxis may provide some protection in reducing the number of leptospirosis cases after a high-risk exposure; however, the effective benefit may depend on a variety of factors such as the timing and coverage of prophylaxis. " 01/01/2017 - "The objectives of this study were to review the literature on the current practices of chemoprophylaxis for leptospirosis and to explore, using a mathematical model, how various chemoprophylaxis scenarios may affect the progression of a leptospirosis outbreak. " 09/02/2021 - "Current Evidence on the Antimicrobial Treatment and Chemoprophylaxis of Human Leptospirosis: A Meta-Analysis." 01/01/2019 - "From these farmers, details on demographics, knowledge on leptospirosis and knowledge and practice on chemoprophylaxis usage were obtained through an interviewer administered open-ended questionnaire. " 01/01/2019 - "Our aim was to assess the chemoprophylaxis usage for prevention of leptospirosis among farmers and reasons for failure to use such preventive strategy. "
3.	Microspheres (Microsphere) 01/01/2016 - "This aim of this study was to apply a microsphere immunoassay (MIA), utilising Luminex xMap technology, to 200 bovine serum samples to determine this method's usefulness in leptospirosis diagnosis in comparison with the current gold standard, the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). " 03/01/2015 - "Validation of a microsphere immunoassay for serological leptospirosis diagnosis in human serum by comparison to the current gold standard." 01/01/2016 - "Serological diagnosis of Leptospirosis in bovine serum samples using a microsphere immunoassay." 04/01/2021 - "The prepared rLsa27 latex beads were evaluated with the confirmed microscopic agglutination test (MAT) reactive (at 1:50) Leptospira-specific positive (n = 42) and non-reactive negative (n = 80) sera from human cases suspected of leptospirosis with the history of pyrexia of unknown origin. " 11/14/2023 - "This article reviews nanomaterial development for an advanced leptospirosis detection method, e.g., latex beads-based agglutination test, magnetic nanoparticles enrichment, and gold-nanoparticles-based immunochromatographic assay. "
4.	Plasma Exchange 03/01/2010 - "Our findings showed that plasma exchange with immunosuppression improved survival in patients of pulmonary alveolar haemorrhage due to leptospirosis, suggesting that immune mechanisms play a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease." 12/13/2021 - "Therapeutic plasma exchange is a life-saving treatment modality in severe leptospirosis with multiorgan failure." 12/13/2021 - "Severe leptospirosis complicated with multiorgan dysfunction successfully managed with plasma exchange: a case report." 01/01/2018 - "Treatment of severe leptospirosis with therapeutic plasma exchange in a pediatric patient. " 01/01/2018 - "Treatment of severe leptospirosis with therapeutic plasma exchange in a pediatric patient."
5.	Immunomodulation 02/01/2008 - "Immunomodulation aspects during leptospirosis are discussed." 01/01/2023 - "The possibility that leptospirosis-polyradiculoneuropathy may be caused by an immune pathogenesis emphasizes the importance of identifying this entity because immunomodulatory therapy could play a vital role in the recovery process." 08/01/2006 - "The immunomodulation by rapamicin in leptospirosis in hamsters could alleviate the kidney and pulmonary injuries. " 08/01/2006 - "Alleviation of renal and pulmonary injury by immunomodulation in leptospirosis: hamster model." 01/01/2020 - "Treatment of the disease is largely dependent on the use of antibiotics, but recent studies on pathogenesis of leptospirosis have shown that immunomodulation may also be an effective treatment for this disease. "