Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar)

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1735 relevant articles (176 outcomes, 202 trials/studies) found for this Disease

Description: A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.

Also Known As:

Kala Azar; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Fever, Black; Black Fever; Kala-Azar

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Parasitic Diseases: 530

Protozoan Infections: 112

Sarcomastigophora Infections

Mastigophora Infections

Leishmaniasis: 1441

Visceral Leishmaniasis: 1735

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar)
3.	Leishmaniasis
4.	Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
5.	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Experts

1.	Sundar, Shyam: 23 articles (10/2008 - 09/2002)
2.	Thakur, C P: 16 articles (07/2008 - 07/2000)
3.	Sundar, S: 13 articles (09/2008 - 03/2000)
4.	Murray, Henry W: 11 articles (10/2008 - 11/2002)
5.	Murray, H W: 9 articles (09/2002 - 01/2000)
6.	Bhattacharya, S K: 8 articles (07/2008 - 03/2001)
7.	Ali, Nahid: 7 articles (07/2008 - 02/2004)
8.	Sinha, P K: 7 articles (07/2008 - 11/2000)
9.	Palatnik, M: 7 articles (08/2007 - 12/2000)
10.	Jha, T K: 7 articles (06/2007 - 02/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Visceral Leishmaniasis:

1.	Amphotericin B (Amphotericin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1999 - "This patient never received highly active antiretroviral treatment and the visceral leishmaniasis could not be cured even with liposomal amphotericin" 09/01/1992 - "Because lipid particles are phagocytized by the reticuloendothelial system, lipid-associated amphotericin B should be concentrated in infected macrophages and be very effective against visceral leishmaniasis" 03/01/2000 - "Short-course, cost-effective treatment with amphotericin B-fat emulsion cures visceral leishmaniasis." 05/01/1999 - "Out of 938 parasitologically confirmed patients with visceral leishmaniasis treated with amphotericin B (1 mg/kg bodyweight daily infused in 2 h for 20 days), 935 were cured clinically, 933 parasitologically and 931 ultimately (no relapse within 6 months)" 05/01/1999 - "L-AMP-LRC-1 is thus found to be safe and effective in freshly diagnosed as well as unresponsive cases of visceral leishmaniasis at dose schedules of shorter duration than used for conventional amphotericin B." Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	AmBisome (liposomal amphotericin B)FDA Link 10/01/2002 - "Liposomal amphotericin B is a new drug which is highly efficacious in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis and produces minimal toxicity" 05/01/1996 - "Liposomal amphotericin B is a promising new drug which is highly efficacious in the treatment of Indian kala-azar and produces minimal toxicity." 01/01/1995 - "Recently complete remission of polyresistant visceral leishmaniasis was obtained by injection of liposomal amphotericin B" 07/01/2005 - "Kala-azar must be considered in patients with Coombs-positive AIHA and living in and coming from the endemic region for this disease, and it can be successfully treated with L-AmB." 10/01/1991 - "A case of visceral leishmaniasis unresponsive to several course of treatment with standard drugs, was successfully cured by a 21 day course (50 mg/day) of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome, Vestar Inc.)" Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	AntimonyIBA 12/01/2005 - "In conclusion, the present study showed that multiple dose treatment with LMA was effective in improving antimony levels in the bone marrow of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis and in reducing the number of positive animals, even though it was not sufficient to achieve complete elimination of parasites." 01/01/2008 - "Based on the results of this pilot study, a further evaluation of the efficacy of HPE therapy, which may offer a cost-effective way of improving the treatment of antimony-resistant cases of visceral leishmaniasis, is being undertaken." 01/01/2008 - "An aqueous extract of human placenta (HPE) was found to offer protection against established experimental visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice and hamsters, whether the Leishmania donovani strain involved was one that was sensitive or resistant to pentavalent antimony" 10/15/2008 - "BACKGROUND: In Bihar, India, home to nearly one-half of the world's burden of visceral leishmaniasis, drug resistance has ended the usefulness of pentavalent antimony, which is the traditional first-line treatment" 12/01/2002 - "In recent years, there has been a steady erosion in the efficacy of pentavalent antimony to cure visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India" Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Antimony Sodium Gluconate (Sodium, Stibogluconate)IBA 04/01/2007 - "In most of the Indian subcontinent, the first line treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is sodium stibogluconate (SSG), an antimonial drug, but the efficacy of the drug varies according to region" 06/01/1996 - "The implementation of action plan not only established declining trends in morbidity and mortality due to Visceral Leishmaniasis in the district but also successfully contained the cases unresponsive to first line treatment with Sodium Stibogluconate by reducing the prevalence of such cases from 12.42% in 1992 to 8.59% in 1994" 03/01/1998 - "Results of the study show that treatment of cases of Kala-azar with sodium stibogluconate in a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day for a longer period of 30 days is effective with a higher cure rate and minimum side effects, for treatment of cases of Kala-azar in this eastern part of Nepal, endemic for the disease." 01/01/1977 - "At low concentrations, sodium stibogluconate, the drug of choice for kala azar treatment in Iraq proved to be poorly effective in the prevention of promastigotes growth in vitro" 06/01/2001 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a 20 days regimen of sodium stibogluconate and to ascertain the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of visceral leishmaniasis in children" Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	AntigensIBA 04/30/2001 - "GP36 induced significant protection against murine visceral leishmaniasis at concentrations commonly used for vaccination with recombinant antigens." 10/23/2008 - "Our earlier studies identified a fraction (F2) of Leishmania donovani soluble promastigote antigen belonging to 97.4-68 kDa for its ability to stimulate Th1-type cellular responses in cured visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients as well as in cured hamsters" 04/05/2006 - "donovani soluble promastigote antigens for their ability to stimulate proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cured visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients, endemic and non-endemic controls and lymphocytes/peritoneal macrophages of cured hamsters" 02/01/1995 - "The results show that T cells from individuals who have been cured of visceral leishmaniasis recognize and respond to a wide range of leishmanial antigens" 06/01/1994 - "The T cell response to different Leishmania donovani antigens was investigated using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Kenyans cured of visceral leishmaniasis and non-exposed Danes" Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	miltefosineIBA 12/01/2006 - "Although miltefosine is not the most active compound of its class against Leishmania parasites in vitro, the early demonstration of activity after oral administration in experimental models of visceral leishmaniasis helped to bring this compound to the attention of WHO TDR for further development in a unique collaboration model with the pharmaceutical industry (Zentaris GmbH)" 05/01/2007 - "Oral miltefosine, which is very effective in visceral leishmaniasis caused by L" 12/01/2006 - "OBJECTIVE: Miltefosine, an alkyl phospholipid has been found effective against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in adults in various studies" 05/01/2003 - "CONCLUSION: Oral miltefosine was safe and approximately 90% effective in this initial clinical trial of childhood visceral leishmaniasis." 12/09/1999 - "CONCLUSIONS: Orally administered miltefosine appears to be an effective treatment for Indian visceral leishmaniasis." Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Fluorometholone (FML)FDA Link 12/08/2000 - "A phase III trial of efficacy of the FML-vaccine against canine kala-azar in an endemic area of Brazil (São Gonçalo do Amaranto, RN)." 09/10/2002 - "This means that 95% protection against kala-azar was achieved in vaccinees, after FML-QuilA vaccination (80% of vaccine efficacy (VE))" 02/01/1994 - "A detailed study of the molecular events related to vaccination against murine visceral leishmaniasis with total and fractionated FML is currently underway." 08/01/2008 - "FML vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis: from second-generation to synthetic vaccine." 03/20/2006 - "The FML-vaccine (Leishmune) against canine visceral leishmaniasis: a transmission blocking vaccine." Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	Liposomes (Liposome)IBA 04/01/2005 - "In this study, we evaluate the effect of phospholipid on the adjuvanicity and protective efficacy of liposome vaccine carriers against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in a hamster model" 09/01/2001 - "The efficacy of 20(S)-camptothecin (CPT), free and incorporated into sterically stabilized liposomes, has been investigated in vitro against Leishmania donovani promastigotes and in vivo in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis" 06/01/2005 - "Targeting of mannosylated liposome incorporated benzyl derivative of Penicillium nigricans derived compound MT81 to reticuloendothelial systems for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis." 02/01/2004 - "Western blot analysis of LAg entrapped in liposomes, strong vaccine candidates against experimental visceral leishmaniasis, revealed a more restricted band pattern" 06/01/2000 - "A single dose of 55 mg of SA-PC liposomes/animal could significantly reduce the hepatic parasite burden by 85 and 68% against recent and established experimental visceral leishmaniasis, respectively, suggesting their strong therapeutic potential." Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Interferon Type II (Interferon, gamma)IBA 05/01/1995 - "Cellular immune mechanisms resulting in gamma interferon production are critical for protection against visceral leishmaniasis" 01/01/1991 - "The present study was performed to evaluate the ability of lymphocytes from 18 children living in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) to produce gamma-interferon" 01/01/2007 - "Post-kala-azar dermal leishmanaisis (PKDL) in Sudan is associated with elevated interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)" 03/01/2006 - "Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) has been used in combination with SbV in Indian kala-azar patients with unexpectedly discouraging results" 04/01/2003 - "Apparently for the first time, the peripheral blood monocytes of individuals with active visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been found to show reduced expression of interferon gamma receptor-1 (IFNGR1)" Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	SaponinsIBA 11/01/2007 - "Cellular and humoral immune responses of dogs to a candidate vaccine, composed of Leishmania braziliensis promastigote protein plus saponin as adjuvant, have been investigated as a pre-requisite to understanding the mechanisms of immunogenicity against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL)" 08/14/2007 - "In order to assess the immunotherapeutic potential on canine visceral leishmaniasis of the Leishmune vaccine, formulated with an increased adjuvant concentration (1mg of saponin rather than 0.5mg), 24 mongrel dogs were infected with Leishmania (L.) chagasi" 01/08/2007 - "Assessment of the monoterpene, glycidic and triterpene-moieties' contributions to the adjuvant function of the CP05 saponin of Calliandra pulcherrima Benth during vaccination against experimental visceral leishmaniasis." 05/01/2006 - "Our results confirm in the Riedel de Haen saponin extract the presence of deacylsaponins normonoterpene-deprivated which are non-toxic and capable of inducing a specific and strong immunoprotective response in vaccination against murine visceral leishmaniasis." 08/14/2007 - "Immunotherapy against experimental canine visceral leishmaniasis with the saponin enriched-Leishmune vaccine." Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 03/01/1983 - "Efficacy of combined immunostimulation and chemotherapy in experimental visceral Leishmaniasis." 02/01/1987 - "These studies on patients with visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, north India, support previous observations regarding T cell unresponsiveness in patients with active disease: it is profound, it is specific, and it is reversible after successful chemotherapy" 01/01/1983 - "Liposomal chemotherapy in visceral leishmaniasis: an ultrastructural study of an intracellular pathway." 11/01/2004 - "The characteristic feature of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the profound impairment of immune system of the infected host, which contributes significantly to the partial success of antileishmanial chemotherapy" 08/01/2004 - "Adjunct chemotherapy with immunomodulator in visceral leishmaniasis appears to be a fruitful preposition." Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 02/25/2000 - "The results of the present study indicate that kala-azar patients, who have a high risk of developing PKDL after treatment can be identified by measuring plasma CRP." 10/01/2006 - "We conclude that serological tests for kala-azar might continue to be positive after treatment of the disease, although this does not indicate a poor prognosis or a poor therapeutic response." 11/01/2005 - "Haemostatic functional tests were studied in 45 patients with visceral leishmaniasis before and after treatment (with 20-25 day intervals)" 01/01/2005 - "METHODS: To explore immunoregulatory mechanisms, 20 visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients were evaluated during active disease and at different periods up to one year after treatment determining their plasma cytokine levels, clinical parameters (palpable spleen and liver) and antibody levels" 05/01/2003 - "Relapse was detected in 2 individuals and 1 patient developed visceral leishmaniasis after treatment" Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Immunotherapy 11/01/2003 - "Modulation of T-cell costimulation as immunotherapy or immunochemotherapy in experimental visceral leishmaniasis." 01/21/1999 - "Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy against experimental visceral leishmaniasis." 01/01/1999 - "Immunotherapy for visceral leishmaniasis: ability of factors produced during anti-leishmania responses of skin test positive adults to inhibit peripheral blood mononuclear cell activities associated with visceral leishmaniasis." 06/02/2004 - "Our results indicate that the FML-vaccine was effective in the immunotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis of asymptomatic infected dogs" 08/14/2007 - "Immunotherapy against experimental canine visceral leishmaniasis with the saponin enriched-Leishmune vaccine." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 10/01/2003 - "This study analyzes the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals" 10/01/2000 - "A prospective descriptive study was designed to determine the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the evolution of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in HIV-1 infected patients" 06/01/2004 - "A 64.8% decrease of the visceral leishmaniasis incidence was detected after HAART began to be used extensively in Spain" 03/01/2004 - "There are contradictory data about whether highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) prevents visceral leishmaniasis (VL) relapses in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients" 03/01/2004 - "Frequency of visceral leishmaniasis relapses in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Splenectomy 05/01/2007 - "The role of splenectomy in HIV-infected patients with relapsing visceral leishmaniasis." 10/01/1991 - "Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed only after splenectomy, when amastigotes were finally cultured from the spleen" 09/01/1984 - "Five Kenyan children underwent splenectomy for drug resistant kala-azar" 09/01/1984 - "At the beginning of the century, splenectomy was used in the treatment of kala-azar, but now is rarely needed, the major indication being for drug resistant kala-azar" 09/01/1984 - "Splenectomy in kala-azar." Order ALL the reference details at left...

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