Intermittent Claudication

A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1843 relevant articles (216 outcomes, 415 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Peripheral Arterial Disease
2.	Pain (Aches)
3.	Atherosclerosis
4.	Vascular Diseases (Vascular Disease)
5.	Pathologic Constriction (Stenosis)

Experts

1.	Teijink, Joep A W: 29 articles (03/2022 - 06/2007)
2.	Hiatt, William R: 19 articles (06/2017 - 01/2002)
3.	Gardner, Andrew W: 18 articles (03/2016 - 05/2002)
4.	Jaff, Michael R: 16 articles (11/2019 - 11/2002)
5.	Teijink, J A W: 16 articles (07/2017 - 06/2003)
6.	Montgomery, Polly S: 14 articles (03/2016 - 03/2004)
7.	Scheltinga, Marc R M: 13 articles (03/2022 - 02/2015)
8.	Aronow, Wilbert S: 13 articles (05/2012 - 08/2003)
9.	Golledge, Jonathan: 12 articles (01/2022 - 01/2007)
10.	Zeller, Thomas: 11 articles (11/2019 - 01/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Intermittent Claudication:

1.	Cilostazol (Pletal)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2006 - "Cilostazol is a potent selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-3 of proven efficacy in intermittent claudication. " 01/01/2003 - "In six of eight well designed clinical trials, cilostazol was significantly more effective than placebo in increasing walking distances and improving the quality of life of patients with moderate to severe intermittent claudication. " 01/01/2003 - ", double-blind, placebo-controlled 12- to 24-week trials in >2000 patients with moderate to severe intermittent claudication demonstrated that cilostazol generally significantly increased walking distances and improved quality of life compared with placebo. " 04/01/2020 - "Conclusions: Three months cilostazol treatment significantly improved quality of life and lower limb functional capacity in patients with intermittent claudication. " 08/10/2013 - "Cilostazol has been found to be effective for the treatment of intermittent claudication (IC). "
2.	Pentoxifylline (Trental)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1988 - "Pentoxifylline, recently approved for the treatment of intermittent claudication, is hepatically cleared with a high degree of first-pass metabolism. " 01/01/1983 - "The positive results derived from pentoxifylline treatment are significant because, for the first time, treadmill testing can prove the effectiveness of a hemorheologic drug, such as pentoxifylline, in the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication. " 09/01/1989 - "In summary, pentoxifylline improved function and symptoms in 13 of 22 geriatric patients with intermittent claudication; the drug was safe and well tolerated at the usual dosage in this geriatric patient population." 01/01/2002 - "The efficacy of pentoxifylline (PXF) in severe intermittent claudication was studied comparing PXF and placebo. " 07/15/1990 - "To review the evidence for efficacy of three contemporary treatments for intermittent claudication: pentoxifylline, exercise programs, and smoking cessation. "
3.	Nafronyl (Naftidrofuryl)IBA 03/01/2001 - "This study demonstrated the efficacy of naftidrofuryl versus placebo in patients with intermittent claudication with a highly significant and clinically relevant difference and confirmed its good safety profile." 04/01/2001 - "This study demonstrates the efficacy of naftidrofuryl versus placebo in patients with intermittent claudication using a new device measuring the walking distances of the patients in a more physiological way than the treadmill test." 03/01/2001 - "A new study demonstrates the efficacy of naftidrofuryl in the treatment of intermittent claudication. " 03/10/2009 - "To assess the efficacy of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo in treating the symptoms of intermittent claudication. " 03/01/2002 - "We report in this paper the findings of a pooled analysis of 3 previously published studies undertaken in Germany, France and Belgium to assess the effects of naftidrofuryl on the quality of life of patients with intermittent claudication. "
4.	Pain-FreeIBA 01/01/2016 - "Twelve-week treadmill walking training programme may lead to significant improvement of pain-free walking time and maximum walking time in patients with intermittent claudication." 01/01/2022 - "In patients with intermittent claudication, the focus is on symptom relief with improvement in pain-free and maximal walking distance. " 12/26/2021 - "exercise, endovascular intervention, surgery) in increasing pain-free and maximum walking distance for people with stable intermittent claudication, Fontaine stage II. The Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Vascular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL databases and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and the ClinicalTrials.gov trials register to July 7, 2021. " 01/01/2021 - "This study aimed to investigate the effect of intermittent claudication on kinematics, kinetics and muscle activity during pain-free gait. " 10/16/2020 - "pain-free walking distance and total (absolute, maximum) walking distance) of people with stable intermittent claudication, Fontaine stage II. For this update, the Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Vascular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL databases, and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov trials registers to 28 January 2020. "
5.	Alprostadil (Muse)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2002 - "Patients suffering from intermittent claudication benefit from administration of prostaglandin E1 by a significant improvement of their walking capacity." 03/01/1997 - "In summary, these results show that the new PGE1 regimen is effective and safe in the treatment of outpatients with intermittent claudication." 03/01/1997 - "Efficacy of a new prostaglandin E1 regimen in outpatients with severe intermittent claudication: results of a multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind trial." 12/01/2002 - "The efficacy and cost of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in severe intermittent claudication was studied comparing a long-term protocol (LTP) with a short-term protocol (STP) in a randomised 40-week study. " 08/01/2000 - "The efficacy, safety, and cost of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in the treatment of severe intermittent claudication was studied comparing a long-term treatment protocol (LTP) with a short-term treatment protocol (STP) in a randomized 20-week study. "
6.	Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2007 - "The efficacy of TIKLO was compared with acetylsalicylic acid in treatment of patients with intermittent claudication. " 12/05/1998 - "Extrapolation of trial results suggests that aspirin is useful in intermittent claudication." 02/01/2019 - "Identification of aspirin resistance using a PDW-miR92a-score: Validation in an intermittent claudication cohort." 02/01/2019 - "Blood samples were collected from 209 patients with intermittent claudication on daily aspirin therapy. " 10/01/2016 - "Blood samples were collected from 50 healthy blood donors without antithrombotic medication and 50 patients with intermittent claudication on daily aspirin therapy. "
7.	Carnitine (L-Carnitine)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1998 - "In one phase III study, propionyl-L-carnitine 1 to 3 g/day significantly improved mean MWD (measured by treadmill) compared with placebo (by 73 vs 46% after 24 weeks) in patients with intermittent claudication. " 11/01/1999 - "Previous studies suggest that the efficacy of propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication is greater in patients with severe functional impairment than in those with mild walking disability. " 03/15/1997 - "A double-blind, dose titration study was designed to assess the efficacy of propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication. " 10/01/2013 - "This study investigated the efficacy, safety and tolerability of propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC) in patients with intermittent claudication in the Chinese population. " 07/01/2013 - "The 17 included articles reported on a total of 18 experimental studies of carnitine supplementation (5 pre-test/post-test; 8 parallel RCT; 5 cross-over RCT) for improving walking performance in adults with intermittent claudication. "
8.	Padma 28IBA 07/01/2005 - "Evidence also suggests that padma 28 is effective for intermittent claudication, although more data are required to confirm these findings. " 07/16/2013 - "Some evidence exists from individual trials to suggest that Padma 28 may be effective in increasing walking distances, at least in the short term (four months), in people with intermittent claudication. " 07/16/2013 - "Randomised controlled trials of Padma 28 compared with placebo or other pharmacological treatments in people suffering from intermittent claudication. " 01/01/2013 - "The highest level of evidence for the use of Padma 28 was found in the indication of intermittent claudication (11 trials). " 10/17/1994 - "In conclusion, our study has shown that treatment with Padma-28 over a four month period significantly increases the walking distance in patients with stable intermittent claudication of long duration."
9.	oxidized low density lipoproteinIBA 07/01/1989 - "The LDL apheresis was continued for 2 to 10 months, and symptoms such as cold or "heavy" legs, or intermittent claudication rapidly improved early in the treatment course in all 5 patients. " 01/01/1993 - "After six series of LDL apheresis were performed during 4 weeks, ASO-related signs and symptoms (i. e., intermittent claudication) were remarkably improved, and serum TC levels were decreased below 200 mg/dl. " 07/01/2003 - "In addition, LDL apheresis improved clinical symptoms (including cold lower extremity, intermittent claudication, and leg pain) and diminished the size of ulcer/necrosis in all patients. " 03/01/2008 - "We measured plasma lipids and LDL size and subclasses by gradient gel electrophoresis in 31 adults with intermittent claudication and 31 age-BMI-matched controls. " 01/01/1996 - "We investigated if patients with intermittent claudication (IC) might have an increased susceptibility of LDL to copper-induced oxidation. "
10.	buflomedil (Lofton)IBA 12/01/2001 - "These findings suggest the therapeutic efficacy of buflomedil in diabetic subjects with intermittent claudication. " 01/01/2001 - "There is a lack evidence for the efficacy of buflomedil in intermittent claudication." 01/01/2001 - "There is little evidence available to evaluate the efficacy of buflomedil for intermittent claudication. " 01/01/2001 - "To evaluate the available evidence on the efficacy of buflomedil for intermittent claudication. " 02/12/2008 - "We performed an international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate whether long-term administration of oral buflomedil could reduce the rate of cardiovascular events in patients with intermittent claudication. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 10/01/1976 - "Earlier investigations had shown that an intensive physiotherapy program with 30 treatments in 6 weeks was the most rational therapy for intermittent claudication, but the question whether the therapeutic success could be improved by the addition of "vasoactive" substances remained open. " 08/01/2006 - "Indeed SIA has not only proved to be very effective in lower limb ischaemia management, both for intermittent claudication and critical ischaemia, but in the last few years it has moved from the shadows and into the limelight of modern endovascular therapy." 11/10/2015 - "Among patients with intermittent claudication after 1 year of follow-up, a combination therapy of endovascular revascularization followed by supervised exercise resulted in significantly greater improvement in walking distances and health-related quality-of-life scores compared with supervised exercise only. " 01/01/2019 - "This feasibility study specifically aimed to assess recruitment rate; attendance rates at baseline and follow-up; and safety, tolerability, and compliance with therapy device and additionally, to consider the potential efficacy of CVT as a novel treatment for intermittent claudication. " 02/01/1987 - "The measurement of tissue pO2 before and at intervals after pedal ergometer exercise is a new objective technique for assessing the efficacy of blood flow-promoting therapy, permitting close simulation of the pathophysiological situation in the muscles of the lower leg in intermittent claudication."
2.	Exercise Therapy (Therapy, Exercise) 07/12/2005 - "Exercise therapy (ET) is the main conservative and proven effective treatment of patients with intermittent claudication. " 10/01/2005 - "The efficacy of low-intensity exercise rehabilitation is similar to high-intensity rehabilitation in improving markers of functional independence in PAD patients limited by intermittent claudication, provided that a few additional minutes of walking is accomplished to elicit a similar volume of exercise." 12/01/2022 - "Supervised exercise therapy is recommended as first-line treatment for intermittent claudication by recent guidelines. " 01/01/2022 - "International guidelines recommend supervised exercise therapy (SET) as primary treatment for all patients with intermittent claudication (IC), yet primary endovascular revascularisation (ER) might be more effective in patients with iliac artery obstruction. " 08/01/2014 - "Supervised exercise therapy for intermittent claudication is superior to all other forms of exercise therapy. "
3.	Surgical Amputation (Amputations) 10/01/2013 - "Primary clinical improvement was defined as improvement in Rutherford category to a level of intermittent claudication without unplanned amputation or TLR. " 09/01/1988 - "The treatment eliminated intermittent claudication in 14 patients and increased exercise tolerance to 500 m in the patient with a limb at risk for amputation before the procedure. " 05/01/2020 - "Low Risk of Procedure Related Major Amputation Following Revascularisation for Intermittent Claudication: A Population Based Study." 01/01/2020 - "The study aim was to evaluate 8 years results regarding new vascular interventions on index and contralateral limb, hospitalization, mortality, and amputation in 775 patients revascularized for infrainguinal intermittent claudication in 2009. " 10/01/2017 - "Amputation Rates, Mortality, and Pre-operative Comorbidities in Patients Revascularised for Intermittent Claudication or Critical Limb Ischaemia: A Population Based Study."
4.	Conservative Treatment 05/01/2002 - "Structured, supervised PAD rehabilitation is a highly efficacious treatment for intermittent claudication and may be regarded as the present gold standard among conservative treatment options." 06/01/2007 - "Exercise is proven to be safe and effective treatment and is prescribed routinely for the conservative management of intermittent claudication. " 06/01/2015 - "Invasive revascularisation in patients with moderate intermittent claudication provides a significant improvement in quality of life compared with conservative treatment." 06/01/2005 - "To study the results including long-term follow-up obtained with endovascular treatment of patients with intermittent claudication who did not experience clinical improvement with conservative treatment. " 01/01/2018 - "In order to work out appropriate regiments of conservative treatment and compare efficacy of various drugs for treatment of chronic lower limb ischaemia and, in particular, intermittent claudication, it is necessary to use objective criteria. "
5.	Blood Component Removal (Apheresis) 04/01/1996 - "A series of the apheresis procedures had a remarkable impact on clinical symptoms and physiological findings with improvement in intermittent claudication observed in more than 80% of the patients. " 07/01/1992 - "Hyperlipidemia was rapidly corrected after the initial two aphereses, whereas clinical signs of arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO), such as coldness of the legs in 17 of 19 patients (89.5%), intermittent claudication in 14 of 17 patients (82.4%), foot pain at rest in 15 of 18 patients (83.3%), poor arterial pulsation in 12 of 16 patients (75.0%), and diminution of ulcer/necrosis in 3 of 5 patients (60.0%), improved in parallel. " 08/01/1996 - "Results of low-density lipoprotein apheresis were dramatic; the deteriorated ankle pressure index and intermittent claudication improved significantly after several applications of low-density lipoprotein apheresis. " 07/01/1989 - "The LDL apheresis was continued for 2 to 10 months, and symptoms such as cold or "heavy" legs, or intermittent claudication rapidly improved early in the treatment course in all 5 patients. " 01/01/1993 - "After six series of LDL apheresis were performed during 4 weeks, ASO-related signs and symptoms (i. e., intermittent claudication) were remarkably improved, and serum TC levels were decreased below 200 mg/dl. "