Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (Insomnia)

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2514 relevant articles (299 outcomes, 410 trials/studies) found for this Disease

Description: Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.

Also Known As:

Insomnia; Sleeplessness; Chronic Insomnia; Primary Insomnia; Nonorganic Insomnia; Insomnias; Disorders of Initiating and Maintaining Sleep; DIMS (Disorders of Initiating and Maintaining Sleep); Early Awakening; Insomnia Disorder; Psychophysiological Insomnia; Rebound Insomnia; Secondary Insomnia; Sleep Initiation Dysfunction; Transient Insomnia; Awakening, Early; Dysfunction, Sleep Initiation; Dysfunctions, Sleep Initiation; Insomnia Disorders; Insomnia, Chronic; Insomnia, Nonorganic; Insomnia, Primary; Insomnia, Psychophysiological; Insomnia, Rebound; Insomnia, Secondary; Insomnia, Transient; Sleep Initiation Dysfunctions

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Nervous System Diseases: 3422

Sleep Disorders: 654

Dyssomnias: 8

Intrinsic Sleep Disorders: 6

Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders: 2514

Fatal Familial Insomnia: 60

Mental Disorders: 1709

Sleep Disorders: 654

Dyssomnias: 8

Intrinsic Sleep Disorders: 6

Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders: 2514

Related Diseases

1.	Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (Insomnia)
2.	Pain (Aches)
3.	Nausea
4.	Fatigue
5.	Neoplasms (Cancer)

Experts

1.	Roth, Thomas: 29 articles (09/2008 - 03/2002)
2.	Walsh, James K: 16 articles (06/2008 - 10/2002)
3.	Morin, Charles M: 9 articles (08/2006 - 01/2003)
4.	Scharf, Martin B: 8 articles (09/2008 - 04/2004)
5.	Caron, Judy: 8 articles (06/2008 - 11/2003)
6.	Krystal, Andrew D: 7 articles (01/2008 - 11/2003)
7.	Rosenberg, Russell: 6 articles (09/2008 - 01/2005)
8.	Rubens, Robert: 6 articles (06/2008 - 06/2006)
9.	McCall, W Vaughn: 6 articles (05/2008 - 08/2004)
10.	Wessel, Thomas: 5 articles (06/2008 - 11/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders:

1.	BenzodiazepinesIBA 08/01/2006 - "Newer nonbenzodiazepine receptor agonists are effective with fewer side effects than older benzodiazepine agonists; however, in 2005 a National Institutes of Health panel on chronic insomnia management indicated that clinical trials are needed to establish the long-term benefits of the newer drugs" 12/01/2008 - "Until few years ago benzodiazepines were the only drugs effective in the treatment of insomnia" 09/01/2007 - "CONCLUSIONS: Benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines are effective treatments in the management of chronic insomnia, although they pose a risk of harm" 06/01/1992 - "Therefore, careful evaluation of the dose of a benzodiazepine hypnotic is the key to effective treatment of insomnia without inducement of adverse effects" 08/01/1988 - "Benzodiazepines effective for treatment of anxiety and insomnia." Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	zolpidem (Ambien)FDA LinkGeneric 05/18/2007 - "Zolpidem has been known as a very safe and effective hypnotic drug used to treat a variety of patients with insomnia" 08/01/2004 - "CONCLUSIONS: Over a period of 12 weeks of intermittent treatment with zolpidem, sleep continuity was significantly improved, the clinical gains were sustained, and there was no evidence of subjective rebound insomnia between doses or increases in the amount of medication used during the study interval." 10/01/2008 - "CONCLUSIONS: Employed adults with chronic insomnia treated with zolpidem extended-release 12.5 mg experienced significantly improved work performance over 24 weeks." 12/15/2000 - "CONCLUSIONS: In agreement with previous findings obtained in patients with chronic primary insomnia, zolpidem significantly improved sleep induction and maintenance" 01/01/2004 - "All three studies demonstrated that zolpidem can be used effectively and safely on a non-daily basis in individuals with chronic insomnia" Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	MelatoninIBA 02/01/2005 - "However, existing studies on the soporific efficacy of melatonin have been highly heterogeneous in regard to inclusion and exclusion criteria, measures to evaluate insomnia, doses of the medication, and routes of administration" 05/01/2006 - "Analysis of the trial data able to be evaluated showed a significant reduction in initial insomnia of 16 minutes with melatonin relative to placebo, with an effect size of 0.6" 01/01/2007 - "There are data indicating that, in affected individuals, melatonin therapy may be beneficial for ameliorating insomnia symptoms" 02/01/2001 - "The results show that melatonin, 5 mg at 6 PM, was relatively safe to take in the short term and significantly more effective than placebo in advancing sleep onset and dim light melatonin onset and increasing sleep duration in elementary school children with chronic sleep onset insomnia" 02/01/2001 - "To establish the efficacy of melatonin treatment in childhood sleep onset insomnia, 40 elementary school children, 6 to 12 years of age, who suffered more than 1 year from chronic sleep onset insomnia, were studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study" Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Hypnotics and Sedatives (Sedatives)IBA 11/01/2002 - "Good evidence exists for the efficacy of hypnotics for short term insomnia but long term data is currently lacking" 01/01/1993 - "More than half of the patients reported a daily use of the hypnotics for 1-5 years or longer, but only 22% of the severely insomniac patients reported at the time of the third inquiry a significant improvement of insomnia due to the administration of sleeping pills" 12/01/2004 - "There is now an overwhelming preponderance of evidence that cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is effective, as effective as sedative hypnotics during acute treatment (4-8 weeks), and is more effective in long term (following treatment)" 12/24/1997 - "Relative to the chronic and recurring course of insomnia, both the limited duration of treatments studied and the lack of follow-up data from controlled trials represent challenges for developing evidence-based guidelines for the use of hypnotics in the management of chronic insomnia." 06/01/1986 - "Low doses of ultra-rapidly eliminated drugs are indicated for sleep-onset insomnia and for short periods of sleep, while rapidly eliminated hypnotics with elimination half-lives of approximately 5 h have the potential to sustain sleep free of residual effects." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	eszopiclone (Lunesta)FDA Link 01/01/2007 - "METHODS: A decision analytical model was developed based on the reanalysis of a 6-month placebo-controlled trial, which demonstrated that eszopiclone 3mg significantly improved sleep and daytime function measures versus placebo in adults with primary insomnia" 02/01/2006 - "In clinical trials, eszopiclone 3 mg significantly improved objective and subjective sleep measures in transient and chronic insomnia in adults" 07/01/2008 - "Sleep induction, maintenance, duration, and efficiency, as assessed by PSG, were significantly improved following eszopiclone treatment in patients with insomnia" 11/01/2003 - "Sustained efficacy of eszopiclone over 6 months of nightly treatment: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adults with chronic insomnia." 01/01/2006 - "Randomized, placebo-controlled trials have shown that eszopiclone, a newly available nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic, effectively treats the symptoms of insomnia" Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Flurazepam (Dalmane)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1982 - "The short-term hypnotic efficacy of 15 mg flurazepam was evaluated in nine patients (mean age 37.2 +/- 15.9 years) who complained of insomnia and had polysomnographic evidence of disturbed sleep" 12/01/1979 - "Under sleep-laboratory control, the efficacy of flurazepam hydrochloride (15 mg) was evaluated in 6 women (age range, 67-82 years) with objectively verified insomnia" 06/01/1989 - "In keeping with its long elimination half-life, flurazepam (30 mg) continued to exert beneficial effects for the first 2-3 withdrawal nights, but the possibility of a mild rebound insomnia cannot be dismissed during the intermediate withdrawal period (nights 4-10) following prolonged, consecutive, nightly administration (more than 30 nights)" 01/01/1988 - "Ten patients with subjective insomnia received 30 mg flurazepam or placebo on nights in which arousal thresholds in response to electronic tones or a recording of the subjects' names were determined" 09/01/1986 - "In a dose-related manner, flurazepam mitigated the insomnia, but carryover effects left both dose groups more sleepy than were the placebo control subjects" Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Triazolam (Halcion)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1981 - "Triazolam: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in patients with insomnia." 05/01/1983 - "Overall, triazolam is an effective and safe compound for the symptomatic treatment of insomnia complaints." 08/01/1993 - "The authors examined sleep improvement in subjects with primary insomnia who received triazolam plus behavioral therapy (N = 8) or triazolam plus sleep-related information (N = 7)" 01/01/1991 - "Efficacy of behavioral versus triazolam treatment in persistent sleep-onset insomnia." 11/01/1983 - "A double-blind crossover study in 53 psychiatric outpatients compared the safety and efficacy of triazolam and placebo in relieving insomnia refractory to treatment with a tricyclic antidepressant" Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	Trazodone (Trittico)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2005 - "DATA SYNTHESIS: Evidence for the efficacy of trazodone in treating insomnia is very limited; most studies are small, conducted in populations of depressed patients, raise issues of design, and often lack objective efficacy measures" 01/01/2003 - "Evaluation of the target symptoms of trazodone by ranking the most improved symptoms identified insomnia as the most improved psychopathological item in all three scales" 01/01/2005 - "After trazodone introduction, insomnia improved and the median (interquartile range) of this item in G1 and G2 patients showed no statistically significant difference on Day 28 (G1: 0 (0-1); G2: 0 (0-2))" 08/01/1983 - "In the subjective ratings, sleep improved in quality on trazodone, significantly so in the first and second weeks of intake, though with significant rebound insomnia on the second withdrawal night" 09/01/2005 - "Low-dose trazodone effective in insomnia." Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	zopiclone (Zop)IBA 01/01/1996 - "Zopiclone has been proven as a drug that favourably balances sleep induction and maintenance as well as an improvement in daytime well-being (efficacy) with a low potential for adverse effects (safety) in the symptomatic treatment of insomnia" 04/01/1990 - "In conclusion, zopiclone appears to be an effective and well-tolerated hypnotic that may play a role in the treatment of insomnia in the general population." 08/01/1996 - "In contrast, the sleep EEG data demonstrated the hypnotic efficacy of zopiclone under acute administration and indicated a rebound insomnia after abrupt discontinuation" 01/01/1996 - "Management of chronic insomnia with zopiclone needs a multidimensional approach involving the proper diagnosis of possible underlying causes, and combined use of causal treatment, general sleep hygiene measures, basic elements of psychological treatment and adjunctive medication" 08/01/1994 - "The efficacy of Zopiclone was studied in a group of patients with insomnia (n = 40)" Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	zaleplon (Sonata)FDA Link 05/01/2000 - "These results show that zaleplon provides effective treatment of insomnia with a favourable safety profile." 08/01/1999 - "CONCLUSION: Zaleplon is effective in the treatment of insomnia" 03/01/2005 - "CONCLUSION: The open-label trial of long-term hypnotic therapy with zaleplon 5 and 10 mg suggests that they are safe and effective for the treatment of insomnia in older patients" 08/01/2000 - "Zaleplon is an effective and safe hypnotic for the treatment of insomnia in the elderly." 04/01/1998 - "Efficacy of L-846 in patients with insomnia: evaluation by polysomnography." Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 12/01/1999 - "Pharmacotherapy provides reliable and rapid relief from insomnia, whereas behavioral therapies help produce long-term improvement" 01/01/2007 - "CONCLUSION: Management of insomnia in the elderly appears to have a better outcome when pharmacotherapy is combined with SHT rather than SHT alone" 01/01/2005 - "Cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in the treatment of insomnia, alone and in combination with pharmacotherapy, but finding a qualified provider can be difficult and the patient must be willing to take the time to learn the therapies and wait for them to show effect." 01/01/2002 - "The authors conducted a quantitative review of the literature on the outcome of the two treatments to compare the short-term efficacy of pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapy in primary insomnia" 01/01/2002 - "OBJECTIVE: Although four meta-analytic reviews support the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for the treatment of insomnia, no meta-analysis has evaluated whether these treatment modalities yield comparable outcomes during acute treatment" Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Biofeedback (Psychology) (Biofeedback) 07/24/1996 - "Regarding insomnia, behavioral techniques, particularly relaxation and biofeedback, produce improvements in some aspects of sleep, but it is questionable whether the magnitude of the improvement in sleep onset and total sleep time are clinically significant." 10/01/1995 - "Despite the availability, relative safety and efficacy of these newer hypnotic agents, they should not be perceived as the sole treatment for insomnia and should be used in conjunction with nonpharmacological techniques (such as adherence to good sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, stimulus control and biofeedback therapy)." 07/01/1981 - "Appropriate biofeedback methods may be effective for specific types of insomnia, but these procedures offer no panacea for all poor sleep." 06/01/1982 - "The treatment of psychophysiologic insomnia with biofeedback: a replication study." 06/01/1982 - "This paper describes a study in which progressive relaxation, EMG frontalis biofeedback, and a biofeedback placebo manipulation were compared in the treatment of severe insomnia with 40 chronically sleep-disturbed adult patients" Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 11/01/2007 - "RESULTS: After one months of treatment, the main symptoms and signs of insomnia are improved in both groups, stage I and II sleep decreaed significantly while stage Il, IV and rapid eye movement increased in insomniacs after treatment of modified Suan Zao Ren Decoction (P < 0.05)" 11/01/1990 - "The general condition of the patients with insomnia was at least "slightly improved" in 62.5% (12.5-mg group), 60% (25-mg group), and 67.4% (50-mg group) after treatment with the test drug for 2 weeks" 12/01/2005 - "METHODS: Sixty-five cases of insomnia were treated with acupuncture at Sishencong (EX-HN 1) and their quality and compositions of sleeping before and after treatment were evaluated with a multichannel sleep detector" 04/01/2004 - "Statistically significant improvements in mean emotional and insomnia quality-of-life scores were seen after treatment" 01/01/2004 - "Regarding treatment impact on insomnia complaints, ISI post-treatment scores were significantly lower after treatment" Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Acupressure (Shiatsu) 12/01/2008 - "The aim of study was to evaluate the efficacy of HT 7 point acupressure in insomnia" 10/01/2005 - "3. In the qualitive study, insomnia characteristics before application of auricular acupressure therapy were confirmed by physical dysfunction, recall of past, and psychological dysfunction" 12/01/2008 - "In addition, acupressure and acupuncture are known to ameliorate insomnia and anxiety, when a specific wrist point is stimulated (HT 7 Shenmen)" 10/01/2005 - "Insomnia characteristics after application of auricular acupressure therapy were confirmed by recovery of physical dysfunction, improving recall of past, and recovery of psychological dysfunction" 12/01/2008 - "Efficacy of HT 7 point acupressure stimulation in the treatment of insomnia in cancer patients and in patients suffering from disorders other than cancer." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Hormone Replacement Therapy (Therapy, Hormone Replacement) 03/01/1999 - "Conventional hormone replacement therapy is effective in controlling vasomotor symptoms, including insomnia, for most postmenopausal women" 04/01/2003 - "Effects of hormone replacement therapy on perceptual and cognitive event-related potentials in menopausal insomnia." 02/01/2001 - "On a battery of standardized questionnaires, including the General Health Questionnaire, the Profile of Mood States, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, those 35 women who were using hormone replacement therapy prescribed by the clinic physician reported significantly lower scores on anxiety, insomnia, and somatic symptoms than did a comparable group of 35 untreated perimenopausal women" 11/01/1998 - "Persistence of insomnia symptoms after adequate hormone replacement therapy may indicate that behavioral conditioning of the insomnia initially triggered by the night sweats may have occurred" 09/17/1997 - "Hormone replacement therapy is highly effective in improving hot flushes, insomnia, depression and genital atrophia, but it prevents bone mineral loss and coronary heart disease as well" Order ALL the reference details at left...

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