Immersion Foot (Trench Foot)

A condition of the feet produced by prolonged exposure of the feet to water. Exposure for 48 hours or more to warm water causes tropical immersion foot or warm-water immersion foot common in Vietnam where troops were exposed to prolonged or repeated wading in paddy fields or streams. Trench foot results from prolonged exposure to cold, without actual freezing. It was common in trench warfare during World War I, when soldiers stood, sometimes for hours, in trenches with a few inches of cold water in them. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p27)

Also Known As:

Networked: 32 relevant articles (0 outcomes, 2 trials/studies)

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
2.	Pain (Aches)
3.	Cold Injury
4.	Sepsis (Septicemia)
5.	Foot Injuries (Foot Injury)

Experts

1.	Costello, Joseph T: 1 article (01/2021)
2.	Eglin, Clare M: 1 article (01/2021)
3.	Massey, Heather: 1 article (01/2021)
4.	Tipton, Michael J: 1 article (01/2021)
5.	Chang, Aileen Y: 1 article (11/2020)
6.	Knapp, Alexia P: 1 article (11/2020)
7.	Rehmus, Wingfield: 1 article (11/2020)
8.	Ainslie, Philip N: 1 article (10/2020)
9.	Hoiland, Ryan L: 1 article (10/2020)
10.	Howe, Connor A: 1 article (10/2020)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Immersion Foot:

1.	IceIBA 02/22/2013 - "Balance control was measured using a force platform with seven trials (30s) performed before and after ice water foot immersion. " 02/22/2013 - "Plantar sole cooling was achieved through foot immersion in ice water. " 11/01/2007 - "Subjects were continuously monitored for heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and cerebral blood-flow velocity (CBFV) from 5 mins before to 5 mins after 40-120 secs of CAF by ice water foot immersion. " 07/01/2013 - "Immersion foot associated with the overuse of ice, cold water, and fans: a distinctive clinical presentation complicating the syndrome of erythromelalgia." 10/01/2015 - "In the Experimental group, the second EX-FMD trial was accompanied by simultaneous foot immersion in ice water (simultaneous CPT). "
2.	2- cyclohexylidenhydrazo- 4- phenyl- thiazoleIBA 10/01/2020 - "Healthy lowlanders (n = 13) and Andean highlanders (n = 8) were recruited and conducted an isocapnic CPT, which consisted of a 3 min foot immersion into water at 0-1°C. " 09/01/2005 - "Blood pressure reactivity (DeltaBP) was defined as BP at 15 to 30 sec and 45 to 60 sec of foot immersion minus resting BP. Significant (P < .05) heritabilities were found for supine BP (h(2)(SBP) = 0.35), CPT BP (h(2)(SBP) = 0.27 and 0.33, h(2)(DBP) = 0.18 and 0.30), and DeltaSBP (h(2)(SBP) = 0.12 and 0.37) but not for DeltaDBP. " 10/01/2015 - "In the Experimental group, the second EX-FMD trial was accompanied by simultaneous foot immersion in ice water (simultaneous CPT). "
3.	AntiperspirantsIBA 05/01/1992 - "Nevertheless, these data suggest that the application of antiperspirants to the feet has merit in reducing serious foot injuries (blisters, trench foot) exacerbated by wet feet."
4.	Potassium CitrateFDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1997 - "Resting and stress blood pressure were measured during blood sampling, cold water foot immersion, and a video game before and after 1 week each of supplementation with potassium citrate, 1.5 mmol/kg per day, and placebo administered in random order. "
5.	MicronutrientsIBA 11/01/2020 - "Other relevant conditions include skin manifestations of heat injuries, cold injuries, immersion foot syndromes, macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies, torture, and sexual and gender-based violence. "
6.	Alfentanil (Alfenta)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1997 - "Pain report to hand and foot immersion in ice water, sedation, nausea, weakness, vital signs, end-tidal CO2 and oxyhemoglobin saturation were measured 60 min after spinal injection and at the end of each 20-min alfentanil infusion. "
7.	Vasodilator Agents (Vasodilators)IBA 08/01/1950 - "The use of vasodilator drugs in chronic trench foot."
8.	SiliconesIBA 10/01/1972 - "Silicone for immersion foot prophylaxis: where and how much to use."
9.	Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenergic Receptor)IBA 12/01/1982 - "Haemodynamic effects of a cold pressor test (foot immersion for 6 min in water at 5 degrees C) without medication and after the non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker propranolol and the selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker metoprolol were studied in 17 volunteers. "
10.	Propranolol (Inderal)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1982 - "Haemodynamic effects of a cold pressor test (foot immersion for 6 min in water at 5 degrees C) without medication and after the non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker propranolol and the selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker metoprolol were studied in 17 volunteers. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Sympathectomy (Sympathectomies) 04/01/1947 - "Experiences with sympathectomy for sequelae of trench feet." 02/01/1947 - "Sympathectomy in Trench Foot." 04/01/1946 - "Sequelae of trench foot and their treatment by lumbar sympathectomy." 01/01/1945 - "Sequelae of trench foot and their treatment by lumbar sympathectomy." 12/06/1945 - "The role of sympathectomy in the treatment of immersion foot and frostbite."
2.	Surgical Amputation (Amputations) 10/01/2011 - "It is concluded that, while the cause can never be known with certainty, the most likely possibilities are either surgery necessitated as a result of trench foot, or punitive amputation." 01/01/2020 - "Trench foot may lead to necrosis, cellulitis, sepsis and amputation. "
3.	Physical Therapy Modalities (Physical Therapy Technique) 11/01/1946 - "Physical therapy in treating peripheral vascular diseases; with particular emphasis on trench foot."
4.	Rewarming 01/01/2021 - "A moderate correlation between previous cold exposure and toe Tsk rewarming after foot immersion was observed; however, CS was not associated with impaired endothelial function or reduced thermal detection."
5.	Therapeutics 01/01/2006 - "Therapy for trench foot involved a number of conventional, tried-and-tested, and conservative methods. "