Hypospadias

A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1765 relevant articles (56 outcomes, 286 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testes)
2.	Fistula
3.	Postoperative Pain
4.	Surgical Wound Infection
5.	Congenital Abnormalities (Deformity)

Experts

1.	Baskin, Laurence S: 35 articles (01/2019 - 02/2002)
2.	Nordenskjöld, Agneta: 19 articles (01/2021 - 10/2004)
3.	National Birth Defects Prevention Study: 16 articles (05/2022 - 11/2005)
4.	Carmichael, Suzan L: 16 articles (12/2020 - 10/2005)
5.	Hayashi, Yutaro: 15 articles (12/2019 - 02/2002)
6.	Kojima, Yoshiyuki: 15 articles (12/2019 - 02/2002)
7.	Canning, Douglas A: 14 articles (01/2022 - 08/2004)
8.	Shaw, Gary M: 13 articles (12/2020 - 10/2005)
9.	Fukami, Maki: 13 articles (12/2019 - 12/2006)
10.	Kohri, Kenjiro: 13 articles (01/2015 - 02/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hypospadias:

1.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 06/01/2015 - "Parenteral testosterone administration before hypospadias repair is beneficial in decreasing complication rates." 01/01/2021 - "Through this study, we can conclude that intramuscular testosterone can be effective in some patients with proximal and mid-penile hypospadias to convert them into either mid- or distal penile hypospadias by the differential response of different parts of the phallus, and this may favorably alter the type of procedure required for the hypospadias repair." 08/01/2023 - "Future studies on testosterone administration should focus on specific cohorts of patients with hypospadias as benefits of testosterone may be more evident in some subgroups than others." 01/01/2022 - "Retraction notice to: The effect of parenteral testosterone administration prior to hypospadias surgery: A prospective, randomized and controlled study [J Pediatr Urol 11 (2015) 143.e1-143.e6]." 01/01/2021 - "Forty-five boys with proximal and mid-penile hypospadias below the age of puberty who did not have prior testosterone injection or surgery were recruited in this study for the duration of 1 year and given testosterone injection intramuscularly and measurement taken using Vernier caliper at regular interval followed by surgery. "
2.	Dihydrotestosterone (Androstanolone)IBA 02/01/2008 - "Pretreatment with dihydrotestosterone transdermal gel was effective in decreasing the complications and improving the cosmetic results after hypospadias repair." 08/01/2008 - "Re: The efficacy of dihydrotestosterone transdermal gel before primary hypospadias surgery: a prospective, controlled, randomized study." 02/01/2008 - "The efficacy of dihydrotestosterone transdermal gel before primary hypospadias surgery: a prospective, controlled, randomized study." 02/01/2008 - "We sought to evaluate the efficacy of transdermal dihydrotestosterone treatment based on the results of hypospadias repair in children with primary hypospadias. " 09/01/2008 - "In an effort to improve the outcome of hypospadias repair, Kaya et al. performed a prospective, randomized study of transdermal dihydrotestosterone (DHT) gel as a preoperative adjunct to surgery. "
3.	Bupivacaine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1985 - "Bupivacaine induced caudal block as unique anaesthetic procedure in 80 children who underwent surgical correction of hypospadias, resulted of great efficacy and easy employment. " 09/01/2011 - "Comparing caudal and penile nerve blockade using bupivacaine in hypospadias repair surgeries in children." 08/01/1990 - "We studied 24 boys who were randomized to receive caudal epidural anesthesia with 0.33 ml.kg.-1 0.25% bupivacaine either before (group A) or after (group B) Mathieu repair of distal hypospadias. " 02/01/2002 - "This was followed by a prospective, randomised, double-blind controlled trial that has confirmed that double caudal injection of bupivacaine prolonged the duration of pain relief after hypospadias repair. " 09/01/2011 - "This study aimed to compare caudal or penile nerve block using bupivacaine in postoperative pain control in hypospadias repair in children. "
4.	Analgesics (Analgesic Drugs)IBA 09/01/2023 - "We evaluated the postoperative analgesic efficacy of CB and PNB in children undergoing hypospadias repair. " 09/01/2023 - "A Prospective Observational Study Analyzing the Analgesic Efficacy of Caudal Block and Nerve Stimulator-Guided Pudendal Nerve Block in Children Undergoing Hypospadias Repair." 01/01/2019 - "We identified comparative studies of caudal block versus peripheral nerve block or no caudal block; studies were published or presented through 1 January 2018, and reports of analgesic efficacy or surgical complications of hypospadias repair in children were identified. " 09/01/2016 - "This study compares the analgesic efficiency of pudendal block with that of caudal block in pediatric patients undergoing hypospadias repair surgery. " 01/01/2022 - "The type of analgesic block is not associated with the risk of developing complications following primary hypospadias correction in children. "
5.	SiliconesIBA 12/01/2022 - "To assess the validity of our prior, low-fidelity conceptual model using the metric of improved performance on the intermediate-fidelity silicone hypospadias model. " 12/01/2022 - "We expanded on this curriculum with an intermediate-fidelity silicone hypospadias model and designed an abbreviated version of the 6-step curriculum to precede the hypospadias repair simulation. " 01/01/2019 - "In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, 64 patients who had undergone surgical repair of hypospadias were divided into two groups: 32 patients in the intervention group (silicone gel) and 32 in the control group (placebo). " 05/01/1997 - "We used a postoperative dressing of silicone foam in conjunction with a pantaloon spica cast to optimize the chances for successful graft take in hypospadias repairs with grafts. " 04/01/1989 - "Although silicone foam has been used abroad as an effective means to dress the penis after hypospadias surgery, its use has not been widespread in the United States. "
6.	PlasticsIBA 01/01/1998 - "The good results of one-stage operations in hypospadias, irrespective of the location, justify their adoption as a plastic repair method of choice." 02/01/1980 - "[An improved operation for plastic repair of hypospadias: experiences in 190 cases (author's transl)]." 01/01/2018 - "Mastery of plastic surgical techniques and profound knowledge of the various surgical methods of hypospadias surgery are essential." 12/01/2011 - "Paediatric urologists, paediatric surgeons, urologists, and plastic surgeons worldwide were invited to participate an anonymous online questionnaire (http://www.hypospadias-center.info). " 03/01/2011 - "The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=14) with primary plastic urethra and group 2 (n=15) with secondary urethroplasty of hypospadia with complication. "
7.	Fibrin Tissue Adhesive (Fibrin Sealant)IBA 10/01/2021 - "This prospective comparative study aims to assess the efficacy of fibrin sealant to improve outcomes in paediatric patients operated for hypospadias. " 10/01/2021 - "Efficacy of fibrin sealant as waterproof cover in improving outcome in hypospadias surgery." 10/01/2021 - "The first group underwent hypospadias repair, technique depending on the type of hypospadias, whereas in the second group, fibrin sealant was used to reinforce the urethroplasty. " 10/01/2008 - "In group A, fibrin glue was used as a sealant after hypospadias surgery, whereas in group B, no sealant was used. " 01/01/2007 - "Use of fibrin sealant in hypospadias surgical repair reduces the frequency of postoperative complications."
8.	AndrogensIBA 06/01/2011 - "Androgen stimulation before hypospadias surgery has resulted in increased penile size, fewer complications and improved cosmesis, and suggests increased neovascularization. " 01/01/2023 - "Our study discovered an association between maternal active smoking and a decreased risk of hypospadias, which may be due to the effect of smoking on androgen. " 10/01/2022 - "Increased androgen-related comorbidity in adolescents and adults born with hypospadias: A population-based study." 10/01/2021 - "Evaluating the literature on preoperative androgen stimulation for hypospadias repair using the fragility index - can we trust observational studies?" 06/01/2015 - "It has been suggested that androgen administration is associated with better outcomes in hypospadias repair; however, few studies have included control groups and the issue is still controversial. "
9.	Hormones (Hormone)IBA 07/23/2023 - "In this study we conducted a systematic approach to assess hormone receptor expression in pediatric patients with hypospadias compared to healthy controls with a focus on age-matching and differences in severity and degree of hypospadias. " 01/01/2020 - "The aim is to study the AR expression and hormone levels in hypospadias patients and compare them with children having normal genitalia. " 12/20/2016 - "The aim of this study is to evaluate the management approaches in hypospadias surgery of surgeons in regards to hormone preparations. " 08/01/2014 - "Thirty-seven studies on the aetiology of hypospadias including molecular mechanism and associated environmental factors were found, of which 25 were about associated environmental factors, and they were described according to the aspects of chemicals, parental characteristics, nutrition and hormones. " 07/01/2005 - "The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of hypospadias in Denmark and evaluate the relationship to anthropometrical measurements at birth and reproductive hormone levels at 3 months of age. "
10.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 01/01/2023 - "The study is aimed at finding if there is any difference in outcome if prophylactic antibiotics are given after urethroplasty for hypospadias. " 12/01/2022 - "In this study of pediatric distal hypospadias repair, peri-operative antibiotics did not demonstrate a clear benefit and post-operative oral antibiotics demonstrated no benefit in preventing infectious complications. " 12/01/2022 - "The purpose of this study was to compare rates of infectious complications in pediatric subjects undergoing distal hypospadias repair who received any peri-operative antibiotics to those who did not. " 01/01/2022 - "Randomized trial of prophylactic antibiotics vs. placebo after midshaft-to-distal hypospadias repair: the PROPHY Study." 04/01/2019 - "A total of seven studies (four cohorts, three randomized controlled trials) with 986 stented distal hypospadias repairs (408 with no post-operative prophylactic antibiotics and 578 given postoperative prophylactic antibiotics) were included for the meta-analysis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Analgesia 02/01/2002 - "A prospective, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial to evaluate efficacy of double-caudal versus single-caudal injection for postoperative analgesia in hypospadias repair was performed. " 02/01/2002 - "Prospective to a randomized double-blind controlled trial to assess efficacy of double caudal analgesia in hypospadias repair." 07/01/2019 - "We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies evaluating the relative rates of UCF formation after hypospadias surgery in patients who were administered caudal block analgesia versus in those who were not. " 10/01/2018 - "Further studies are recommended to evaluate the effect of this type of analgesia in other outcomes of hypospadias repair surgery. " 01/01/2023 - "US-guided DPNB and PNB have been demonstrated to provide effective, safe, and long-term postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients who have undergone hypospadias surgery. "
2.	Stents 01/01/2020 - "Patients with distal hypospadias can be treated successfully with a tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty, usually with a postoperative urethral stent to divert urine into the diaper or a urine bag for approximately 1 week. " 01/01/2017 - "Efficacy of using Zaontz urethral stent in hypospadias repair by the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale: A prospective study." 01/01/2022 - "This study provides the foundation for future work optimizing urethral stents, designing support for regenerative medicine applications, and improving hypospadias outcomes." 01/01/2022 - "While there is little information associating urethral stent type with outcomes after hypospadias surgery, material properties may account for findings of prior studies. " 01/01/2022 - "Our study sets out to close this gap with a literature review of recent publications comparing outcomes after hypospadias surgery for different urethral stent types and an evaluation of the material properties of four common urethral stents. "
3.	Surgical Flaps 01/01/2009 - "Duckett's procedure of one-stage urethroplasty with the transverse preputial island flap is effective in hypospadias repair, with a success rate close to that of other types of operations and a low rate of postoperative complications. " 03/14/2023 - "This study aimed to assess the outcomes of modified onlay island flap (MOIF) urethroplasty for hypospadias reoperation. " 01/01/2023 - "The study identified the current trends in hypospadias repair, with tubularised incised plate urethroplasty (TIP) being the most common technique used in distal hypospadias repair (70.6% of patients) and transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty (TPIFU) being preferred for proximal hypospadias repair (63.0%). " 07/01/2022 - "This was a prospective randomized controlled study that included 68 patients with anterior, mid-penile, and posterior penile hypospadias, with shallow and narrow urethral plate of size less than 6 mm, who underwent single-stage repair using preputial flaps, conducted at the department of pediatric surgery (Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt), between May 2019 and October 2021, to evaluate double faced transverse preputial onlay island flap technique. " 07/01/2022 - "Evaluation of double faced transverse preputial (onlay) island flap for hypospadias repair in pediatrics: a randomized controlled study."
4.	Therapeutics 09/01/2020 - "Preclinical study for treatment of hypospadias by advanced therapy medicinal products." 01/01/2018 - "This was the first study reporting long-term outcomes of hypospadias patients after puberty who received pre-operative hormonal therapy. " 01/01/2022 - "In hypospadias surgery, pre-operative hormonal therapy (PHT) is primarily used to increase penile dimensions and the vascularity of tissues available for reconstruction, but its use is non-uniform in clinical practice, with no consensus on application or utility. " 01/01/2022 - "Defining the role of pre-operative hormonal therapy in hypospadias." 09/01/2020 - "This paper explores the feasibility of a new therapy for the treatment of hypospadias patients. "
5.	Sutures (Suture) 07/01/1996 - "Sutures with rapid or intermediate absorption rates provide the best results for hypospadias surgery. " 01/01/2020 - "Study parameters include age, location of hypospadias, surgical technique, surgeon experience, chordee, suture size, materials to assess the association with long-term complications. " 06/01/2013 - "Our study examined the tensile and breaking strength as well as rate of degradation for four types of absorbable suture now commonly used for hypospadias repairs in the UK. " 01/01/2012 - "The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of different suture threads on histological parameters of the penis and urethra following hypospadias repair in rats. " 01/01/2012 - "Effects of different suture materials used for the repair of hypospadias: a stereological study in a rat model."