Hypogonadism (Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism)

Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).

Also Known As:

Networked: 6201 relevant articles (272 outcomes, 627 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Erectile Dysfunction
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Metabolic Syndrome (Dysmetabolic Syndrome X)
4.	Infertility (Sterility)
5.	Osteoporosis

Experts

1.	Maggi, Mario: 75 articles (12/2021 - 11/2002)
2.	Corona, Giovanni: 46 articles (01/2022 - 05/2006)
3.	Quinton, Richard: 40 articles (01/2022 - 01/2002)
4.	Ramasamy, Ranjith: 36 articles (05/2022 - 09/2009)
5.	Forti, Gianni: 35 articles (01/2020 - 11/2002)
6.	Pitteloud, Nelly: 33 articles (01/2021 - 03/2004)
7.	Young, Jacques: 32 articles (01/2022 - 12/2003)
8.	Khera, Mohit: 28 articles (11/2022 - 11/2010)
9.	Rastrelli, Giulia: 27 articles (07/2021 - 04/2010)
10.	Lipshultz, Larry I: 25 articles (01/2022 - 02/2011)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hypogonadism:

1.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 01/01/2021 - "Aire-/- males exhibited dramatically reduced mating frequency and fertility, hypogonadism, and reduced serum testosterone. " 11/01/1981 - "We conclude that the decrease in SHBG, which prevents obese males from developing hypogonadism, is not sufficiently effective in the massively obese patients to compensate the marked decrease in testosterone. " 10/08/2022 - "Testosterone (T) is singled out because of its high synthesis rate and turnover, but also because age-related hypogonadism is a key signal for the biologically planned early obsolescence of men, and the delayed onset of a faster rate of functional losses in women after menopause. " 01/01/2020 - "Clinicians should consider both hypoxic tissue damage and hypogonadism during and after radiation, and the combination of testosterone and PDE5I could be more beneficial for preserving erectile tissue than either individual treatment. " 01/01/2017 - "Among older men with symptomatic hypogonadism, treatment with testosterone gel for 1 year compared with placebo was associated with a significantly greater increase in coronary artery noncalcified plaque volume, as measured by coronary computed tomographic angiography. "
2.	Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)FDA Link 03/01/1994 - "Pulsatile administration of GnRH for induction of ovulation is effective for women with idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. " 08/07/1977 - " The LH-RH loading test has proved very useful in establishing the pathological mechanism of hypogonadism." 02/01/2007 - "The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of pulsatile GnRH treatment in a large French cohort of patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. " 03/01/2005 - "To exclude secondary hypogonadism in PADAM, diagnostic accuracy can be improved by using GnRH testing." 10/01/1975 - "Consecutive administration of LH-RH may help to distinguish between the hypogonadism of pituitary origin and that of hypothalamic origin when the initial LH response to a single dose of LH-RH is subnormal."
3.	AndrogensIBA 08/01/2015 - "Therefore, the establishment of an effective protocol to induce the differentiation of stem cells into androgen-secreting cells is very helpful for the treatment of hypogonadism caused by abnormalities of Leydig cells. " 03/01/2007 - "The administration of androgens has been shown to be effective in men with hypogonadism, although their validity for patients with eugonadism has not yet been discussed. " 08/01/2004 - "We compared the efficacy of calculated markers of androgen status in predicting serum BioT and hypogonadism. " 12/01/2014 - "To identify men with LOH, a variety of self-administered questionnaires have been developed including The Saint Louis University Androgen Deficiency in the Aging Male (ADAM) Questionnaire, The Quantitative ADAM (qADAM) Questionnaire, The Aging Male Symptoms (AMS) rating scale, The Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) questionnaire and The New England Research Institutes (NERI) hypogonadism questionnaire. " 09/01/2014 - "The investigators of this study were, thus, prompted to evaluate whether the androgen deficiency in the aging male (ADAM) and the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study (MMAS) questionnaires could be used to replace biochemical parameters in the diagnosis for hypogonadism in men aged 40 years and above. "
4.	GonadotropinsIBA 03/01/2012 - "Treatment with gonadotropins has been shown to be effective in males affected by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. " 07/01/1980 - "Investigation of the therapeutic efficacy of menopause gonadotropin (MPG), made in the USSR, in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism demonstrated MPG to possess the FSH-activity. " 09/01/1988 - "4. Hypogonadism normalized in 2 patients and improved in one patient, whereas plasma gonadotropins remained low in the 2 postmenopausal women. " 09/12/1985 - "We evaluated the efficacy of gonadotropin treatment in stimulating spermatogenesis in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. " 01/01/2023 - "However, data are often conflicting regarding the severity, timing or even the real clinical relevance of these complications, although these studies often lack essential information such as gonadotropin levels or the underlying cause of hypogonadism. "
5.	Hormones (Hormone)IBA 04/01/2012 - "To demonstrate the efficacy of hormone treatment on the patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), we summarized our more than 10 years experience. " 07/01/2012 - "The findings suggest that hormone replacement, even when instituted at a late stage, is effective in reversing the bladder wall alterations produced by secondary hypogonadism." 01/01/2022 - "Before treatment, many patients were borderline hypogonadal, with T levels near the lower limits of the normal range.CONCLUSION: Changes in male hormones in four clinical trials studying patients with TB indicate that Pa-containing treatment was not associated with testicular toxicity but rather led to improvement in the underlying hypogonadism." 01/29/2016 - "Although some test performances showed an effect of hormone treatment, the majority of these differences reflected an improved performance during hypogonadism compared with baseline (and probably reflected practice effects). " 07/01/2007 - "Elevation of sexual hormones concentration eliminated clinical hypogonadism symptoms in 68.75% patients. "
6.	Clomiphene (Clomifene)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2014 - "Clomiphene citrate (CC) is as an effective treatment for men with hypogonadism (HG). " 11/01/2019 - "These data demonstrate that clomiphene citrate is safe and effective with few side effects when used as long-term treatment of hypogonadism." 11/01/2012 - "Clomiphene citrate is safe and effective for long-term management of hypogonadism." 11/01/2019 - "Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Clomiphene Citrate for the Treatment of Hypogonadism." 12/01/2006 - "To review the management of male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and evaluate the efficacy of clomiphene citrate (CC). "
7.	Chorionic Gonadotropin (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2020 - "This study is focused on comparing the AMH and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test in boys with hypogonadism. " 03/01/2006 - "The objectives of this study were to investigate the cause of hypogonadism in PWS and determine whether human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment can restore pubertal development. " 04/01/2011 - "Penile growth in response to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) treatment in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism." 07/01/2009 - "After a diagnosis of adult-onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was established, the patient received human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and recombinant FSH treatment. " 11/01/1995 - "We evaluated the diagnostic significance of single versus repeated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation of testicular steroidogenesis in 25 boys (10 prepubertal group A; 15 early pubertal, group B) with suspected hypogonadism. "
8.	Opioid Analgesics (Opioids)IBA 09/01/2011 - "While the goal of opioid treatment is symptomatic relief and improved quality of life, these patients often suffer from adverse side effects, including endocrine system abnormalities, of which hypogonadism is the best known. " 06/01/2020 - "Six months of TRT improved body composition in men with opioid-induced hypogonadism without significant changes in outcomes of pain perception, quality of life, or adrenal function." 01/01/2021 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the association between chronic opioid use and hypogonadism. " 01/01/2020 - "There is large heterogeneity in the studies, with different factors shown to have stronger association with hypogonadism such as specific types of opioids, higher doses, and longer durations of use. " 01/01/2020 - "The prevalence of opioid-induced hypogonadism (OIH) varies between studies but was reported to be 69% in a recent systematic review. "
9.	testosterone undecanoateIBA 11/01/2011 - "Thus, nebido is highly effective in sexual dysfunction and other somatic disorders caused by hypogonadism. " 03/01/1997 - "Testosterone undecanoate is an effective agent for treating hypogonadism. " 12/01/2007 - "The objective of this study was to document the efficacy and tolerability of the new formulation of Andriol Testocaps in the treatment of late-onset hypogonadism in a clinical practice setting. " 12/01/2007 - "Clinical experience with Andriol Testocaps--the first Austrian surveillance study on the treatment of late-onset hypogonadism." 05/01/2002 - "Treatment of male hypogonadism with testosterone undecanoate injected at extended intervals of 12 weeks: a phase II study."
10.	Menotropins (Humegon)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2005 - "To observe the efficacy of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and hCG plus human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) for central hypogonadism in male patients. " 05/01/1996 - "Patients with IHH were treated with hCG/human menopausal gonadotropin, whereas patients with primary hypogonadism received T treatment. " 10/01/1985 - "Thirteen men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism received treatment with hCG, followed in 12 by the addition of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG). " 09/12/1985 - "The need for human menopausal gonadotropin treatment appears to depend on the time of onset of hypogonadism." 01/01/2020 - "Efficacy of follitropin-alpha versus human menopausal gonadotropin for male patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 12/01/2016 - "Symptomatic hypogonadism is common in dialysis and transplant patients and T replacement therapy can be safely given with improvement in T values and symptoms in most patients. " 06/01/2020 - "Diagnosis and treatment as well as monitoring of hypogonadism treatment are clearly regulated by international guidelines and replacement therapy is proven to be effective in ameliorating the above-mentioned symptoms when performed according to these guidelines. " 05/01/2003 - "Replacement therapy has been shown to be beneficial in men with overt hypogonadism. " 01/01/2014 - "This analysis suggests that lifelong TU depot injection therapy of patients with hypogonadism is a cost-effective treatment in Sweden. " 02/01/1993 - "Self-administered subcutaneous human menopausal gonadotrophin is a safe and effective mode of therapy in increasing testicular size and inducing spermatogenesis in males with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism."
2.	Injections 11/01/2004 - "The present study has shown that 1000 mg TU injected into male patients with hypogonadism at 12-wk intervals is well tolerated and leads to T levels within normal ranges, using four instead of 17 or more TE injections per year. " 01/01/2010 - "The objective of this retrospective study of male patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH) was to assess the outcome of fertility after induction of spermatogenesis by gonadotrophin injections. " 01/31/2008 - "Hormonal treatment of men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism comprises injections of gonadotrophins, administered by the patient in close cooperation with a specialist. " 01/01/2005 - "Serum T and E2 before and after repeated daily hCG injections in 23 adult men with clinically suspected or established primary hypogonadism were studied. " 08/01/1999 - "Blood levels indicating hypogonadism were more often observed in the 25 patients whose ARP was scheduled at > or = 3 week intervals than in the 18 patients with < or = 2 weeks between ARP injections. "
3.	Bariatric Surgery 12/01/2013 - "This would have as a consequence that obese male patients with symptomatic hypogonadism could be candidates for bariatric surgery even with a BMI < 40 kg/m(2). " 12/01/2013 - "Hypogonadism as a new comorbidity in male patient's selection for bariatric surgery: towards an extended concept of metabolic surgery?" 02/01/2013 - "Re: hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in morbidly obese males is reversed after bariatric surgery." 12/01/2012 - "Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in morbidly obese males is reversed after bariatric surgery." 10/01/2011 - "Thus, bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment of obesity-related male hypogonadism. "
4.	Hormone Replacement Therapy (Therapy, Hormone Replacement) 09/01/2019 - "the use of topical hormone replacement therapy in combination with -blockers in patients with BPH and concomitant hypogonadism is justified and effective in comparison with monotherapy with -blockers." 07/01/2008 - "The first-line treatment for late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) is hormone replacement therapy (HRT). " 10/26/2022 - "Girls with hypogonadism require hormone replacement therapy to initiate and sustain puberty. " 12/01/2021 - "Subjects with hypo- or hypergonadotropic hypogonadism need hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to initiate puberty and maintain it with a normal hormonal status. " 11/01/2021 - "The possibility of making an early diagnosis of central hypogonadism may be useful for a timely start of hormone replacement therapy, and to avoid delays that could affect growth and bone health as well as psychosocial adjustment."
5.	Kidney Transplantation 11/01/2016 - "The prevalence of hypogonadism in CKD is reported between 24 % and 66 %, and decreases partially after renal transplantation. " 01/14/2016 - "A significantly lower prevalence of hypogonadism among dialyzed patents and transplant recipients suggests that renal transplantation may be protective for the sexual capabilities of these patients." 03/01/1988 - "Uremic primary hypogonadism is not fully reversed by renal transplantation: a slight defect in the pituitary LH release may persist and the impairment of the tubular testicular function is left unchanged. " 11/01/1985 - "This recrudescence of the inactive regulatory state in a disease model suggests that common mechanisms are operative in orderly gonadal withdrawal under hostile or inappropriate environments and may underly the reversibility of human uremic hypogonadism with successful renal transplantation." 06/01/1978 - "[Development of hypogonadism due to hemodialysis and kidney transplantation]."