Hypersplenism (Anemia, Splenic)

Condition characterized by splenomegaly, some reduction in the number of circulating blood cells in the presence of a normal or hyperactive bone marrow, and the potential for reversal by splenectomy.

Also Known As:

Anemia, Splenic; Anemias, Splenic; Splenic Anemia; Splenic Anemias

Networked: 1006 relevant articles (89 outcomes, 102 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases: 6
- Lymphatic Diseases: 92
  - Splenic Diseases: 72
    - Hypersplenism: 1006
      - Splenomegaly Syndrome With Splenic Germinal Center Hypoplasia And Reduced Circulating T-Helper Cells

Related Diseases

1.	Portal Hypertension
2.	Thrombocytopenia (Thrombopenia)
3.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)
4.	Hemorrhage
5.	Liver Cirrhosis (Hepatic Cirrhosis)

Experts

1.	Jiang, Guo-Qing: 12 articles (10/2022 - 01/2014)
2.	Jin, Sheng-Jie: 12 articles (10/2022 - 01/2014)
3.	Maehara, Yoshihiko: 12 articles (11/2016 - 05/2004)
4.	Bai, Dou-Sheng: 11 articles (10/2022 - 01/2014)
5.	Tomikawa, Morimasa: 11 articles (11/2016 - 01/2002)
6.	Akahoshi, Tomohiko: 10 articles (11/2016 - 01/2009)
7.	Qian, Jian-Jun: 9 articles (10/2022 - 01/2014)
8.	Chen, Ping: 9 articles (01/2019 - 01/2014)
9.	Kawanaka, Hirofumi: 9 articles (11/2016 - 01/2009)
10.	Zhang, Chi: 6 articles (10/2022 - 11/2018)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hypersplenism:

1.	Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)IBA 10/01/2016 - "We retrospectively evaluated the outcomes in 51 cirrhotic patients with EGVB and moderate hypersplenism (PLT ≥50 × 109/L) who underwent LSD (n = 28) or laparoscopic azygoportal disconnection (LD) (n = 23) between January 2014 and October 2015. " 11/01/2023 - "Considering the ability of LSD to improve postoperative survival and prevent HCC in HBV-related CPH patients with gastroesophageal variceal bleeding and secondary hypersplenism, it is worth promoting in the context of the shortage of liver donors." 01/01/2023 - "Considering the better postoperative survival and the ability to prevent HCC in CPH patients with gastroesophageal variceal bleeding and secondary hypersplenism, LSD is worth popularization in situations where liver donors are scarce." 01/01/2019 - "We retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of 123 cirrhotic patients with portal hypertensive bleeding and secondary hypersplenism, who underwent LSD and who had PLT counts <125×109/L (non-normal group) or >125×109/L (normal group) at the postoperative month (POM) 3, between April 2014 and March 2017. " 08/01/2017 - "We retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of 31 cirrhotic patients with portal hypertensive bleeding and secondary hypersplenism who underwent synchronous LSD with modified LP (n = 14) or LSD without modified LP (n = 17) between January 2015 and August 2015. "
2.	BilirubinIBA 01/01/2019 - "Simultaneous approaches significantly promoted 1-, 3-, and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates and overall survival (OS) rates, prolonged operation time, aggravated intraoperative blood loss, increased white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) counts at POD 7, and lowered total bilirubin (T-Bil) contents at POD 1 and 7. Compared to HA, HS is safer and more effective in ameliorating liver function and improving survival of HCC patients complicated with hypersplenism. " 01/01/1995 - "In two other patients with apparent hypersplenism, but whose serum bilirubin levels had fallen to nearly normal (group B), the mean mvs-MPV was 20.7 +/- 10.4 cm/s and the mvs-SV was 22.4 +/- 10.4 cm/s. " 04/01/2000 - "The records of 48 patients with HCC and hypersplenism were retrospectively examined and postoperative changes in platelet counts, serum total bilirubin levels, and dinical staging scores were analyzed to evaluate the clinical value of combined splenectomy and liver resection. " 07/01/2000 - "When the current status of the 40 patients who had survived for over 12 years was compared, 16 patients (53.3%) from the success group and 1 (9.1%) from the failure group had normal bilirubin levels, normal growth, no esophageal varix, and no hypersplenism. " 03/01/1996 - "Partial splenic embolization is a useful method for reducing serum bilirubin concentrations in patients with hypersplenism following the Kasai procedure for biliary atresia."
3.	CopperIBA 06/05/2023 - "Splenectomy is proved to be beneficial for the improvement of liver function in HLD patients combined with hypersplenism, which realize a lifelong anti-copper treatment." 06/05/2023 - "Patients with hepatic reticulum degeneration (HLD) may eventually develop complications of cirrhosis with splenomegaly and hypersplenism, requiring splenectomy to alleviate hypersplenism and complete lifelong copper therapy. " 07/05/1975 - "[Familial Wilson's disease: copper induced hemolysis, hypersplenism and hyperpigmentation as the main symptoms]." 01/01/2015 - "Thus, we may conclude that splenectomy is a safe and effective therapeutic measure for hypersplenism in WD patients who had been preoperatively treated with DMPS for powerful anti-copper therapy. "
4.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 10/28/2009 - "However, pre- and post-transplant hypersplenism often precludes patients from receiving the antiviral therapy. " 02/01/2010 - "HCV-infected patients are also prone to developing peripheral cytopenias, the etiologies of which are multifactorial and include hypersplenism and/or antiviral medications. " 02/01/2010 - "The results of this study suggest that bone marrow biopsy in HCV-infected patients, even those with features of hypersplenism and/or documented antiviral therapy, can be a valid test for hematologic evaluation, especially for patients with severe pancytopenia and/or sudden alterations in peripheral cell counts." 03/01/2014 - "However, the QOL of splenectomy-treated patients who received non-antiviral CHC treatment was worse than that of the patients who were given conservative treatment for the hypersplenism and antiviral therapy for the CHC. " 08/01/2013 - "Some HCV-decompensated cirrhosis patients may benefit from antiviral therapy following surgical resolution of hypersplenism. "
5.	Mevalonic Acid (Mevalonate)IBA 01/01/2022 - "In this study, we found that the treatment of APCmin mice by the mevalonate pathway inhibitor lovastatin significantly reduced the number of colonic masses and improved hypersplenism and peripheral anemia. "
6.	Lovastatin (Mevacor)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2022 - "In this study, we found that the treatment of APCmin mice by the mevalonate pathway inhibitor lovastatin significantly reduced the number of colonic masses and improved hypersplenism and peripheral anemia. "
7.	CyanoacrylatesIBA 03/01/2019 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety, hematologic response and outcomes of PSE with cyanoacrylate glue for oncological patients with hypersplenism-related thrombocytopenia requiring systemic chemotherapy (SC). " 03/01/2019 - "PSE with cyanoacrylate glue is safe and effective in the management of thrombocytopenia related to hypersplenism in cancer patients. "
8.	InterferonsIBA 01/01/2010 - "Recently, partial splenic arterial embolization (PSE) has become a supportive intervention for cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism in the administration of interferon therapy. " 01/01/2011 - "Splenectomy improved the liver function and facilitated effective interferon therapy in cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism, although preoperative SV was frequently associated with postoperative PSVT." 11/01/2005 - "Partial splenic embolization facilitates completion of interferon therapy in patients with chronic HCV infection and hypersplenism." 02/01/2012 - "We intended to determine whether laparoscopic splenectomy (Lap-Sp) contributes to treatment with interferon therapy in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-cirrhotic patients with thrombocytopenia caused by hypersplenism. " 02/01/2012 - "Laparoscopic splenectomy with interferon therapy in 100 hepatitis-C-virus-cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism and thrombocytopenia."
9.	Inosine Triphosphate (ITP)IBA 01/01/1998 - "These findings suggested that thrombopoiesis was not promoted under the condition of hypersplenism or of abnormal pooling, and that any elevation in the percentage level of reticulated platelets could be clinically useful in the diagnosis of ITP." 10/01/2009 - "Overall, splenectomy proved beneficial in eliminating the risk of splenic sequestration in SCD patients, in improving the blood counts in SCD with hypersplenism and in reducing transfusion requirement in thalassaemic patients, while in ITP group two thirds of the patients benefited." 08/01/1993 - "1. Spleens from the ITP group had characteristics different from those from the hypersplenism (hepatocirrhosis) and control groups; 2. the ITP patients whose spleen is twice the weight of average had better long term response to splenectomy; 3. the mean diameter of splenic follicles greater than 500 microns and the average diameter of germinal centers greater than 200 microns were the criteria for long term response to splenectomy. " 01/01/2003 - "(2) As compared with the normal group, the patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and hypersplenism had a significantly high percent and low absolute counts of RPs (P < 0.01). " 08/01/1993 - "The spleens of 100 patients (ITP 60 cases, hypersplenism 20 cases, traumatic rupture of spleen 20 cases) were examined histologically and by electron microscopy. "
10.	AntibodiesIBA 06/01/1993 - "The effectiveness of transfusion depends on different factors in patients (lack of antibodies or hypersplenism) and on the way the blood has been preserved. " 04/01/1957 - "[Hemolytic hypersplenism: presence of antibodies with atypical characteristics]." 01/01/1986 - "These results suggest that specific clearance of gp70+ platelets in the presence of significant amounts of serum antiviral antibodies and nonspecific hypersplenism play a role in the development of delayed thrombocytopenia in RMuLV-infected mice." 04/01/2013 - "Pathogenetic mechanisms include hypersplenism secondary to portal hypertension, bone marrow suppression resulting from either HCV itself or interferon treatment, and aberrations of the immune system resulting in the formation of anti-platelet antibodies and/or immune-complexes that bind to platelets and facilitate their premature clearance. " 05/01/1999 - "We report the case of a 72-year-old white male patient who had been residing in the Congo and developed a typical clinical features of hyperactive malarial syndrome characterized by massive splenomegaly with hypersplenism, high titers of malarial IgM antibodies, IgM macroglobulinemia, liver and medullary lymphocytic proliferation, and a clinical and immunological response to long-term chloroquine therapy. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Splenectomy 10/01/1996 - "This study confirms that there is a significant reduction in energy expenditure following splenectomy for hypersplenism in SS disease. " 05/01/2023 - "In conclusion, splenectomy significantly improved levels of PLT and liver function in patients with hypersplenism of WD, neurological function did not deteriorate and survival rate was improved." 01/01/2002 - "Although hypersplenism significantly was improved by splenectomy, no difference in changes in liver volume nor survival probability between the two groups was found. " 01/01/1996 - "At her second admission, splenectomy was performed to remove hypersplenism, and her clinical, radiological and hematological findings improved significantly." 05/16/1992 - "While splenectomy conferred benefit in certain selected cases with hypersplenism, there was no significant overall improvement in the postoperative haematological values and no influence on the rate of blastic transformation. "
2.	Therapeutics 05/05/1973 - "[Current therapy of hypersplenism based on studies of cellular kinetics]." 01/01/2020 - "Our results suggest that this rapid change was possibly caused by improvement of hypersplenism and HCV-induced myelosuppression resulting from anti-HCV therapy." 04/01/2003 - "Also, in all except one of the patients, no further reduction in the number of thrombocytes was observed after therapy, probably due to the existing hypersplenism. " 04/01/2003 - "MN yields could be obtained for only 12 of the 17 therapies due to hypersplenism. " 12/01/2002 - "Other indications for surgery include failure of endoscopic therapy to control acute bleed and symptomatic hypersplenism. "
3.	Liver Transplantation 07/01/2011 - "To study the effect of liver transplantation on platelet count in patients with hypersplenism. " 01/01/2004 - "The changes in spleen volume in the present study were consistent with the previous data, suggesting that living donor liver transplantation effectively reduced hypersplenism for adult patients." 08/01/1989 - "The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of orthotopic liver transplantation on hypersplenism. " 11/01/2020 - "Some liver transplant recipients may present with persistent hypersplenism post transplant. " 03/01/2019 - "Efficacy and safety of partial splenic embolization for hypersplenism in pre- and post-liver transplant patients: A 16-year comparative analysis."
4.	Operative Surgical Procedures 02/01/2012 - "Therefore, the surgical procedure is an option for the debulking of parasites, providing a cure for refractory VL and minimizing the complications of hypersplenism." 05/24/2023 - "Partial splenic embolization (PSE) is a non-surgical procedure which was initially used to treat hypersplenism. " 08/01/2009 - "Partial splenic embolization (PSE) is a non-surgical procedure developed to treat hypersplenism. " 03/01/2008 - "Partial splenic embolization (PSE) is a non-surgical procedure developed to treat hypersplenism as a result of hepatic disease and thus avoid the disadvantages of splenectomy. " 12/01/1994 - "The authors present the case-history with a uncommon surgical procedure in a child with portal hypertension and hypersplenism. "
5.	Hepatectomy 01/01/2023 - "Thus, the primary objective of the study was to determine the effects of hypersplenism on the prognosis of these patients during and after hepatectomy. " 02/28/2015 - "Synchronous hepatectomy and hepatectomy potentially improves disease-free survival rates and alleviates hypersplenism without increasing the surgical risks for patients with HCC and hypersplenism." 07/01/2001 - "Hypersplenism induced by hepatectomy." 02/01/2000 - "Hepatectomy for cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism is a high-risk operative procedure. " 08/01/1988 - "Her condition was not suitable for hepatectomy because of hypersplenism and remarkable hepatic disorder. "