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Headache (Headaches)

The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.

Also Known As:

Headaches; Cephalalgia; Hemicrania; Throbbing Headache; Head Pains; Bilateral Headache; Cephalodynia; Cranial Pain; Generalized Headache; Head Pain; Ocular Headache; Orthostatic Headache; Periorbital Headache; Retro-Ocular Headache; Sharp Headache; Unilateral Headache; Vertex Headache; Bilateral Headaches; Cephalalgias; Cephalgias; Cephalodynias; Cranial Pains; Generalized Headaches; Headache, Bilateral; Headache, Generalized; Headache, Ocular; Headache, Orthostatic; Headache, Periorbital; Headache, Retro-Ocular; Headache, Sharp; Headache, Throbbing; Headache, Unilateral; Headache, Vertex; Headaches, Bilateral; Headaches, Generalized; Headaches, Ocular; Headaches, Orthostatic; Headaches, Periorbital; Headaches, Retro-Ocular; Headaches, Sharp; Headaches, Throbbing; Headaches, Unilateral; Headaches, Vertex; Ocular Headaches; Orthostatic Headaches; Pain, Cranial; Pain, Head; Pains, Cranial; Pains, Head; Periorbital Headaches; Retro Ocular Headache; Retro-Ocular Headaches; Sharp Headaches; Throbbing Headaches; Unilateral Headaches; Vertex Headaches; Cephalgia

Networked: 8387 relevant articles (694 outcomes, 827 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Migraine Disorders (Migraine)
2.	Pain (Aches)
3.	Headache (Headaches)
4.	Nausea
5.	Dizziness (Lightheadedness)

Experts

1.	Olesen, J: 36 articles (12/2009 - 01/2000)
2.	Goadsby, P J: 35 articles (06/2009 - 01/2000)
3.	Diener, H C: 31 articles (11/2009 - 02/2000)
4.	Silberstein, Stephen D: 30 articles (10/2009 - 06/2002)
5.	Lipton, R B: 28 articles (11/2009 - 01/2000)
6.	Lipton, Richard B: 20 articles (01/2010 - 07/2002)
7.	Bigal, Marcelo E: 19 articles (10/2009 - 07/2002)
8.	Diener, Hans-Christoph: 19 articles (05/2009 - 01/2002)
9.	Bussone, G: 18 articles (12/2009 - 01/2001)
10.	Evers, S: 17 articles (12/2009 - 08/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Headache:

1.	Sumatriptan (Imigran)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1993 - "In addition, they examine the initial efficacy of treatment and the mechanism of recurrence of headache within 24 hours, which is the most important drawback of sumatriptan in clinical practice, next to its possible cardiac side effects." 01/01/2005 - "A single dose of sumatriptan 10 mg (approved European dosage) was significantly more effective than placebo in achieving headache relief at 1 hour post-dose in a well designed study. " 07/01/1994 - "In both studies, headache severity had significantly improved at 120 min after doses of 10-40 mg sumatriptan compared to placebo (P < 0.05) and the greatest efficacy rates were obtained with 20 mg sumatriptan. " 04/01/2008 - "We describe an adolescent with acute posttraumatic headache that did not respond to several initial medications but had rapid and sustained improvement in headache and associated migrainous features with subcutaneous sumatriptan." 04/01/2005 - "For the first attack, significantly more patients receiving sumatriptan than placebo reported headache relief for attacks occurring inside (67% vs. 33%, p=0.007) and outside (79% vs. 31%, p<0.001) the menstrual period. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Analgesics (Analgesic Drugs)IBA 08/01/2008 - "Whereas only half of children received abortive medications for these headaches, simple analgesics were effective in most cases. " 06/01/1990 - "The headache was more improved in the physiotherapy group, and there was a marked reduction in the intake of analgesics. " 01/01/2006 - "The treatment resulted in significant reduction of frequency, duration and intensity of headache, with a 2-fold decrease in analgesics used. " 11/23/1985 - "Headaches were more common in patients with active patches but were relieved by simple analgesics." 07/01/2009 - "Ten weeks after halo ring placement he complained of headaches which relieved by analgesics. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Pain-FreeIBA 01/01/2002 - "The drug is significantly more effective than placebo as measured by a number of parameters including 2-hour headache response and pain-free response rates. " 01/01/2002 - "The drug is significantly more effective than placebo as measured by a number of parameters including 2-hour headache response and pain-free response rates. " 08/01/1999 - "The drug is significantly more effective than placebo as measured by a number of parameters including 2-hour headache response rates and pain-free response rates. " 06/01/2005 - "A total of 16 subjects (76.2%) had their headache scores improved by 50% or more; nine (42.9%) were pain free at the last follow-up. " 09/01/2004 - "HC exists in two temporal subtypes, a continuous form in which headaches persist continuously without remission periods, and a less common remitting form in which bouts of continuous headaches are separated by pain-free remissions. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	zolmitriptan (Zomig)FDA Link 10/01/2005 - "In phase one of the REALIZE study, zolmitriptan nasal spray demonstrated a significant headache response from 10 min post-dose and total symptom relief from 30 min post-dose. " 01/01/2006 - "RESULTS: There was no statistically significant improvement between zolmitriptan 10 mg (2 x 5 mg tablet) and placebo for the primary efficacy variable, headache response at 2 hours, nor any of the secondary variables tested. " 03/01/2002 - "Headache relief following zolmitriptan 2.5 mg (63%) was significantly greater than with placebo (22%) at 2 h post-dose (primary endpoint; P < 0.0001). " 06/01/1996 - "Plasma 311C90 concentrations were generally higher in those patients who responded to treatment with 311C90 in the plasma, but there was one patient with no quantifiable 311C90 in the plasma whose headache improved. " 11/01/1997 - "In patients with persistent or recurrent headache, a second zolmitriptan dose effectively treated both headache and nonheadache symptoms. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Indomethacin (Indometacin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2006 - "RESULTS: All patients responded favorably to indomethacin, with rapid near-complete or complete resolution of headache and autonomic symptoms, and treatment was initiated as early as possible. " 05/01/1991 - "Benign headache associated with sexual activity has been successfully treated with indomethacin and beta-blockers. " 11/01/1983 - "A patient with long standing sustained unilateral headache ("background vascular") and occasional multiple jabs received prompt and lasting relief from indomethacin. " 02/01/1978 - "Treatment with indomethacin eliminated these headaches. " 03/01/2009 - "All patients with continuous, unilateral headache should receive an adequate trial of indomethacin. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1999 - "Although acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is one of the most commonly administered drugs in the treatment of acute headaches, the sites of its action and the mechanisms of its therapeutic efficacy are still unclear. " 06/01/2001 - "OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of aspirin for headache when exercising during acute high-altitude exposure. " 06/01/2001 - "Effects of aspirin during exercise on the incidence of high-altitude headache: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial." 04/04/1998 - "Aspirin for prophylaxis against headache at high altitudes: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial." 08/30/1983 - "We report some preliminary results of a study carried out in ten patients observed during headache attack and concerning particularly the plasma values of beta-ELI after acetylsalicylic acid (lysini acetylsalicylas: i.v. 1.8 g) administration. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Amitriptyline (Elavil)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2004 - "In contrast, amitriptyline was most effective in reduction of headache. " 03/01/2006 - "For children with frequent headache, the antidepressant amitriptyline might be beneficial for prophylaxis, although no placebo-controlled studies have been done. " 02/01/2006 - "The combination therapy was effective since the first month of treatment, with a significant reduction of the headache, greater than one obtained with amitriptyline alone, in terms of frequency (-52.3% vs. -40.7%), intensity (-59.51% vs. -20.39%) and duration (-53.17% vs. -36.16%). " 11/01/1994 - "In the amitriptyline group, a significant reduction in daily headache duration was already found in the 3rd week of treatment, while in the placebo group no significant changes in headache duration were to be seen. " 10/01/1994 - "In the amitriptyline group, a significant reduction in daily headache duration was already found in the third week of treatment, while in the placebo group no significant changes in headache duration were to be seen. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	Ibuprofen (Motrin)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2003 - "Ibuprofen was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing the severity of ECT-induced headache (p =.007). " 05/01/2003 - "Ibuprofen was significantly more effective than placebo in preventing the onset of headache post-ECT (p =.022). " 01/01/1994 - "The results suggest that ibuprofen is a safe and effective treatment for high altitude headache." 05/01/2003 - "The objective of this study was to determine whether pretreatment with ibuprofen would prevent the onset or decrease the severity of headache that occurs after ECT. " 02/01/2007 - "Explanatory analyses revealed worsening of headache already in the third week of treatment with ibuprofen alone. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Dihydroergotamine (Agit)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2007 - "Dihydroergotamine is often effective for patients whose refractory headaches have failed prior triptan therapy. " 10/01/1992 - "The efficacy of the repetitive intravenous dihydroergotamine (DHE) inpatient protocol for refractory headache is well established. " 01/01/1992 - "This study examines the practicality and efficacy of dihydroergotamine mesylate (DHE) when self-administered subcutaneously in a population of refractory headache patients. " 10/01/2006 - "OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a repetitive intranasal (IN) dihydroergotamine (DHE) burst protocol for treatment of refractory headaches. " 03/01/1997 - "We reviewed data on 171 patients with refractory headache treated by continuous intravenous dihydroergotamine mesylate (i.v. DHE 45) and repetitive i.v. DHE and compared the efficacy of continuous i.v. DHE to repetitive i.v. DHE. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1999 - "The only side effects noted were severe headaches after gammaglobulin infusions which responded well to oral paracetamol. " 02/01/1991 - "The present data suggest that the proposed posture-related changes in volume of distribution do not exist, and that there is no pharmacokinetic basis for a headache being relieved by taking paracetamol and lying down." 09/28/2004 - "Acetaminophen was no more effective than placebo in the acute and preemptive treatment of these headaches." 12/11/2000 - "RESULTS: The headache response rate 2 hours after dosing was 57.8% in the acetaminophen group and 38.7% in the placebo group (P =.002). " 09/01/2000 - "Efficacy was measured by visual analog scale, the number of headache-free days, the daily duration of headache, and the use of paracetamol. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Psychology Biofeedback (Biofeedback) 12/01/2007 - "CBT was highly effective, with an average reduction in headaches from pre- to posttreatment of 68%, compared with 56% for biofeedback, and 20% for the control condition. " 10/01/1996 - "We conclude that behavioural treatment strategies are effective in the management of childhood headaches, although most of the research support appears to be limited to relaxation training and biofeedback. " 07/01/1982 - "Biofeedback has proven effective in treatment of vascular and muscle contraction headache. " 01/01/2000 - "Results showed that both children and adults reported substantial improvements in headache activity with TBF and EMG biofeedback treatment (Ms ranged from 34% to 81%), but children showed significantly greater improvement than adults. " 03/01/1980 - "Although biofeedback and pseudotherapy were rated as equally credible treatments, only the headache activity of the biofeedback group was significantly improved following treatment. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 04/01/2007 - "After treatment with epidural autolongous blood patch, her headache resolved completely. " 04/01/2009 - "RESULTS: After treatment, mean times and duration of the headache attack were significantly improved in the two groups (all P < 0.01) with the acupuncture group better than the western medicine group (P < 0.05). " 05/01/2008 - "Patients improved significantly after treatment intervention, as days of headache per month and medications/month decreased from baseline to follow up. " 10/01/2001 - "Mean headache indices improved significantly after treatment, both in the treatment group and in the placebo group, but the difference between the two groups was insignificant. " 03/01/2008 - "Immediately after treatment, his hearing improved and his headache resolved." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Epidural Blood Patch 07/01/2008 - "Treatment with epidural blood patch led to complete headache remission and the patient was discharged. " 09/01/1989 - "Epidural blood patch was found to be effective; 84.5% of the respondents had complete and permanent recovery from headache in less than 24 hours after a single epidural blood patch. " 11/01/2004 - "RESULTS: Following a lumbar epidural blood patch, all symptoms improved significantly and her headache resolved. " 04/01/1990 - "We conclude that the epidural blood patch is practicable and effective in the prophylaxis of postpuncture headache, but cannot prevent its occurrence in all cases." 06/01/1980 - "The published literature suggests that the technique of epidural "blood patch" injection is both safe and effective for the treatment and prevention of headache after spinal puncture. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Bed Rest (Bedrest) 12/01/2004 - "His headache improved 2 weeks after the operation with strict bed rest. " 12/01/2004 - "Initial CT scan showed normal brain structure, and his headache improved with bed rest in a few days. " 09/01/2003 - "Eight days later headache improved with bed rest and hydration. " 07/01/1996 - "Bed rest was frequently voluntary (as opposed to being enforced on medical orders) since many patients only gained relief from their headache when supine. " 07/01/1989 - "The headache improved after about 3 hours of bed rest. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Injections 03/01/2001 - "CONCLUSIONS: Although the inherent limitations of this study preclude a definitive statement regarding the efficacy of C2-3 injections, these initial findings suggest that therapeutic intra-articular zygapophyseal joint injections are effective in the treatment of headaches emanating from the C2-3 joint after a whiplash event. " 05/01/2006 - "Moreover, there is no current gold-standard of practice regarding GON injections in the management of headache. " 01/01/2004 - "Over a 12-week period after injections, headache-free days had improved in the BTX group from week 8 to 12 (P < 0.05), and strongly tended to improve over the entire 12-week period, 33 +/- 23 vs. 24 +/- 16 days without headache (P = 0.07), but did not meet the a priori significance criteria. " 03/01/2008 - "Further studies should address the possible value of multiple injections with extended observation periods, dose optimization, and whether duration of headache history and number of previous treatments are predictors of patient response." 04/01/2008 - "Patients documented headache and severity of associated symptoms for 4 weeks after injections. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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