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Growth Disorders

Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.
Also Known As:
Stunted Growth; Stunting; Disorder, Growth; Growth Disorder; Growth, Stunted; Stuntings
Networked: 2264 relevant articles (70 outcomes, 201 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1. Malnutrition (Nutritional Deficiencies)
2. Overweight
3. Infections
4. Anemia
5. Diarrhea

Experts

1. Ahmed, Tahmeed: 24 articles (10/2022 - 02/2008)
2. Haque, Rashidul: 17 articles (01/2022 - 05/2013)
3. Bhutta, Zulfiqar A: 14 articles (01/2022 - 02/2008)
4. Fawzi, Wafaie W: 14 articles (01/2022 - 01/2002)
5. Petri, William A: 14 articles (01/2022 - 05/2013)
6. Manary, Mark J: 14 articles (01/2021 - 09/2014)
7. Black, Robert E: 13 articles (03/2022 - 09/2007)
8. Mahfuz, Mustafa: 13 articles (01/2022 - 05/2017)
9. Semba, Richard D: 13 articles (10/2019 - 01/2008)
10. Trehan, Indi: 12 articles (02/2019 - 09/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Growth Disorders:
1. MicronutrientsIBA
2. Drinking WaterIBA
08/01/2016 - "Improved source of drinking water (PR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.73-0.87), appropriate treatment of drinking water (PR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80-0.96), improved sanitation facility (PR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82-0.97), and complete structure (having walls, floor and roof) of the sanitation facility (PR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.50-0.84) were inversely associated with stunting. "
01/01/2018 - "The study established that the major predictors of stunting among children under 5 years old in Zambia were sex and age of the child; mother's age and level of education; wealth status; improved source of drinking water; duration of breastfeeding and residence. "
01/01/2021 - "The results suggest, after adjusting for child age, household access to (i) improved drinking water source was associated with 23% decreased odds [odds ratio (OR) = 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5-1.00], (ii) improved sanitation facility was associated with 41% decreased odds (OR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.3-0.82), and (iii) agricultural land ownership was associated with 30% decreased odds of childhood stunting (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51-0.94]. "
10/01/2020 - "This paper examined whether household access to improved sanitation facilities and sources of drinking water was associated with stunting and anaemia amongst children aged 6-35 months of age in Indonesia. "
01/01/2018 - "Multiple regression models were applied to examine associations between access to improved drinking water sources (according to Joint Monitoring Programme definitions) and the prevalence of diarrhoea and stunting. "
3. Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link
11/17/2023 - "However, few studies have focused on the association between high protein intake and linear growth and stunting in this population. "
11/06/2023 - "Standard-protein formula versus low-protein formula We found very low-certainty evidence that feeding healthy infants standard-protein formula compared to low-protein formula has little or no effect on underweight (MD in weight-for-age z-score 0.0, 95% CI -0.43 to 0.43; P = 0.99, I2 = 81%; 4 studies, 256 participants), stunting (MD in height-for-age z-score -0.01, 95% CI -0.36 to 0.35; P = 0.96, I2 = 73%; 4 studies, 256 participants), and wasting (MD in weight-for-height z-score 0.13, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.56; P = 0.54, I2 = 95%; 4 studies, 256 participants) in the first year of life. "
11/06/2023 - "High-protein formula versus standard-protein formula We found very low-certainty evidence that feeding healthy term infants high-protein formula compared to standard-protein formula has little or no effect on underweight (MD in weight-for-age z-score 0.05 SDs, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.19; P = 0.51, I2 = 61%; 7 studies, 1629 participants), stunting (MD in height-for-age z-score 0.15 SDs, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.35; P = 0.14, I2 = 73%; 7 studies, 1629 participants), and wasting (MD in weight-for-height z-score -0.12 SDs, 95% CI -0.31 to 0.07; P = 0.20, I2 = 94%; 7 studies, 1629 participants) in the first year of life. "
05/01/2021 - "Previous trials to prevent stunting have had little effect, and no trials seem to have provided larger amounts of energy and high-quality proteins to already stunted children. "
01/01/2021 - "This study offers an important insight to improve the knowledge of mother related to the protein intake of children to reduce stunting risk and fat intake of mother to prevent over-nutrition."
4. VaccinesIBA
5. IronIBA
6. Vitamin A (Retinol)FDA LinkGeneric
7. ZincIBA
8. Human Growth Hormone (Saizen)FDA LinkGeneric
9. Indicators and Reagents (Reagents)IBA
10. LipidsIBA

Therapies and Procedures

1. Therapeutics
2. Prenatal Care (Care, Prenatal)
01/01/2020 - "Of the underlying determinants of stunting, reduced rates of open defecation, improved sanitation infrastructure, and improved access to key maternal health services, including optimal antenatal care and delivery in a health facility or with a skilled birth attendant, all accounted for substantially improved child growth, although the magnitude of variation explained by each differed substantially between countries. "
10/09/2023 - "Interventions to improve the health status of short pregnant women and prevent stunting neonates can be improved by improving the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of short pregnant women about antenatal care, and knowledge of pregnant women about nutritional intake. "
06/16/2023 - "The present study elucidates that the recognized factors from individual level characteristics have really increased the odds of childhood stunting: gender of child, multiple births, low birth weight, low BMI among mothers, less educational attainment by mothers, maternal anemic status, breast feeding duration longer than usual, < 4 antenatal care (ANC) visits during gestation period. "
01/01/2023 - "Our study highlights a high prevalence of depressiveness among mothers seeking antenatal care at a public hospital is associated with an increased risk of infant adiposity and stunting at one year. "
01/01/2023 - "The study found that improving the mother's education level, increasing household size, and receiving antenatal care during pregnancy were important factors in reducing the likelihood of child stunting. "
3. Bathroom Equipment
01/01/2017 - "For example, in adjusted estimates, Vietnamese 5y olds with access to improved toilets had relative stunting risk at 8y 0.62-0.68 that of 5y olds with no access to improved toilets. "
10/01/2017 - "Child faeces disposal in an improved toilet was associated with reduced stunting for children under five [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89-0.92] and a 0.12 increase in height-for-age z-score (HAZ; 95% CI: 0.10-0.15) among all households. "
01/23/2023 - "Children ages 48-59 months (AOR = 2.8, 95% CI: 2.1, 12.1), children ages 36-47 months (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1, 7.1), children of uneducated women (AOR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.5, 4.2), children who lived near unimproved toilets (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.6), children whose feces was disposed of unsafely (AOR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.57, 5.31), and children whose mothers did not wash their hands before feeding their children (AOR = 6.2, 95% CI: 2.0, 19.1) were factors positively associated with stunting among children aged 24 months to 59 months. "
01/01/2023 - "Being male caregiver (adjusted OR (AOR)=4.26;95% CI 1.256% to 14.464%), family size ≥4 (AOR=4.65; 95% CI 1.8 51% to 11.696%), separated kitchen room (AOR=0.096; 95% CI 0.019 to 0.501) and hand washing after toilet use (AOR=0.152; 95% CI 0.035% to 0.667%) were significantly associated with stunting. "
09/22/2021 - "Ownership of toilet and living close to market were associated with reduced stunting, whereas illness was associated with increased risk of underweight. "
4. Contraception (Birth Control)
5. Behavior Control