Granulosa Cell Tumor

A neoplasm composed entirely of GRANULOSA CELLS, occurring mostly in the OVARY. In the adult form, it may contain some THECA CELLS. This tumor often produces ESTRADIOL and INHIBIN. The excess estrogen exposure can lead to other malignancies in women and PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY in girls. In rare cases, granulosa cell tumors have been identified in the TESTES.

Also Known As:

Networked: 606 relevant articles (22 outcomes, 73 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Granulosa Cell Tumor
3.	Dysgerminoma
4.	Ovarian Epithelial Carcinoma
5.	Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms (Germ Cell Tumor)

Experts

1.	Fuller, Peter J: 14 articles (01/2019 - 03/2002)
2.	Heikinheimo, Markku: 13 articles (04/2020 - 12/2005)
3.	Unkila-Kallio, Leila: 13 articles (04/2020 - 12/2005)
4.	Anttonen, Mikko: 12 articles (04/2020 - 12/2005)
5.	Färkkilä, Anniina: 12 articles (04/2020 - 01/2011)
6.	Bützow, Ralf: 8 articles (04/2020 - 10/2003)
7.	Chu, Simon: 8 articles (01/2019 - 03/2002)
8.	Haltia, Ulla-Maija: 6 articles (12/2021 - 09/2016)
9.	Mayr, Doris: 6 articles (02/2021 - 01/2008)
10.	Andersson, Noora: 6 articles (04/2020 - 11/2010)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Granulosa Cell Tumor:

1.	Inhibins (Inhibin)IBA 11/01/1994 - "In 13 subjects who were clinically disease free with a previous diagnosis of granulosa cell tumor, serum inhibin concentrations remained within the normal range for reproductive status. " 11/01/1994 - "The aim of this study was to determine if elevations in serum inhibin predated clinical recurrence in patients with a diagnosis of granulosa cell tumor. " 11/01/2016 - "Abnormal inhibin secretion is generally observed in granulosa cell tumors. " 09/01/2013 - "Our results showed that in a human granulosa cell tumor-derived cell line (KGN) and in human granulosa-lutein cells (hGL), FSH induced the expression of NUR77 and inhibin-alpha, although inhibin-alpha expression did not increased following FSH treatment if NUR77 was knocked down. " 12/01/2009 - "Two case reports of women with recurrent granulosa cell tumors identified initially by increasing levels of inhibin. "
2.	Hormones (Hormone)IBA 03/01/1996 - "Serum antimüllerian hormone is a sensitive, specific, reliable marker of adult-type granulosa cell tumors and is useful to evaluate the efficacy of treatment and to detect recurrences early." 06/01/2000 - "[Study on the anti-müllerian hormone served as a marker for granulosa cell tumor of ovary]." 07/27/2023 - "Restoration of fertility after a temporary loss due to hormone-secreting granulosa cell tumor is possible after sparing surgical treatment. " 09/15/2022 - "Background: We evaluated whether the serum hormone levels are useful in the differential diagnosis of granulosa cell tumors (GCTs), regardless of menopausal status. " 01/01/2019 - "Serum Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) was elevated (95.7 pmol/L), consistent with granulosa cell tumor (GCT). "
3.	Aromatase InhibitorsIBA 07/01/2009 - "We describe 4 patients in whom recurrent ovarian granulosa cell tumors were treated with an aromatase inhibitor, with promising results." 01/01/2012 - "Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of recurrent ovarian granulosa cell tumors: brief report and review of the literature." 07/01/2009 - "Promising effect of aromatase inhibitors on recurrent granulosa cell tumors." 11/01/2006 - "Aromatase inhibitors may be a viable treatment option for women with advanced stage or recurrent ovarian adult granulosa cell tumors." 01/01/2016 - "Retreatment with aromatase inhibitor therapy in the management of granulosa cell tumor."
4.	Tumor Biomarkers (Tumor Markers)IBA 01/01/2017 - "The goal of this study was to verify the most accurate circulating tumor markers for the diagnosis and follow-up of adult-type granulosa cell tumors (AGCTs). " 01/01/2012 - "Proteomic profiling of a mouse model for ovarian granulosa cell tumor identifies VCP as a highly sensitive serum tumor marker in several human cancers." 10/01/2020 - "AMH is also elevated in some ovarian tumors such as adult granulosa cell tumors, and it can be used as a tumor marker to gauge response to therapy and monitor for recurrence. " 06/01/1986 - "A literature review reveals two previous cases in which this combination has been reported as being effective in advanced granulosa cell tumor, but this is the first report of the use of serum estradiol as a tumor marker." 11/01/2020 - "This case demonstrates that inhibin B lacks specificity as a tumor marker for adult granulosa cell tumor, even at very high levels. "
5.	Cisplatin (Platino)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1993 - "Cisplatin-based cytotoxic regimens may be of benefit in the treatment of recurrent or high risk granulosa-cell tumors." 01/01/1993 - "Cisplatin-based chemotherapy in recurrent or high risk ovarian granulosa-cell tumor patients." 12/01/1982 - "Combination chemotherapy of ovarian granulosa cell tumor with cis-platinum and doxorubicin." 03/01/2008 - "The goal of the present study was to determine the efficacy of combinatorial treatment using cisplatin and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis including ligand (TRAIL) to promote apoptosis in granulosa cell tumor (GCT) lines, in vitro. " 05/01/2008 - "The objective is to investigate the activity and toxicity of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) regimen in ovarian granulosa cell tumors (OGCTs). "
6.	inhibin BIBA 10/31/2010 - "Published research studies have assessed Inhibin B levels in Sertoli cell function, ovarian reserve and granulosa cell tumors. " 01/01/2021 - "Our results confirmed that inhibin B is a sensitive and specific marker for adult-type granulosa cell tumors of the ovary that may be used during follow-up for detection of recurrences. " 01/01/2021 - "Here we validate the value of inhibin B in detecting recurrences and investigate its role in guiding follow-up examinations and treatment strategies in postmenopausal patients with ovarian adult-type granulosa cell tumors. " 01/01/2021 - "Role of inhibin B in detecting recurrence of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary in postmenopausal patients." 11/01/2020 - "Elevated serum inhibin B is a classic marker of adult granulosa cell tumors. "
7.	ParaffinIBA 11/01/2000 - "SPECIMEN(S): Eight granulosa cell tumors collected from paraffin-embedded tissue, eight Leydig cell tumors, and three thecomas collected from fresh-frozen or paraffin-embedded tissue. " 07/01/1992 - "Paraffin-embedded tissue from 38 patients with early- and advanced-stage juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT) of the ovary was analyzed by flow cytometry to investigate whether the DNA content is related to the histologic features, stage, or clinical outcome. " 03/01/1990 - "The nuclear DNA content and S-phase fraction of 23 ovarian granulosa cell tumors were measured from paraffin-embedded tissue with flow cytometry. " 02/01/1990 - "The nuclear DNA content of 50 ovarian tumors initially diagnosed as granulosa cell tumors was measured by flow cytometry using paraffin-embedded archival material. " 01/01/2007 - "Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival tissue blocks of 20 unselected nonepithelial ovarian malignancies (12 granulosa cell tumors and 8 germ cell tumors) diagnosed between 1993 and 2005 were immunohistochemically stained for Her-2/neu. "
8.	inhibin AIBA 01/01/2013 - "In addition, the patient had elevated inhibin A and B levels, which may be elevated in granulosa cell tumor. " 05/01/2007 - "In 30 consecutive patients with a stage I-III granulosa cell tumor, inhibin A and B concentrations were measured in pre- and post-treatment serum samples. " 05/01/2007 - "Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: the clinical value of serum inhibin A and B levels in a large single center cohort." 03/01/1998 - "Only one of eight patients with a progressive granulosa cell tumor had a high value of serum inhibin A. " 03/01/1999 - "Previous studies have shown that serum inhibin as measured by alpha subunit-directed radioimmunoassay (RIA) and inhibin A ELISA was elevated in postmenopausal women with mucinous and granulosa cell cancers, with the RIA showing a more frequent elevation than the inhibin A ELISA. "
9.	Keratins (Keratin)IBA 06/01/2003 - "We conclude that because cytokeratin is frequently expressed by SCSTs, in particular by granulosa cell tumors, SLCTs, and SCTATs, the inclusion of EMA in a panel may help to exclude epithelial neoplasms. " 01/01/2012 - "Special attention should be paid when low molecular-weight keratin is used as part of a panel differentiating granulosa cell tumors from carcinomas, as a significant proportion of the former are positive. " 07/01/2007 - "Cytokeratin AE1/AE3 was expressed by all epithelial-derived tumors and 6 of 8 granulosa cell tumors. " 01/01/1992 - "We think that cytokeratin immunohistochemistry is of value in differentiating between granulosa cell tumors and ovarian carcinomas." 01/01/1992 - "The other keratins we investigated showed higher expression rates in granulosa cell tumors and/or lower expression rates in ovarian carcinomas. "
10.	Formaldehyde (Formol)FDA Link 01/01/2007 - "Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival tissue blocks of 20 unselected nonepithelial ovarian malignancies (12 granulosa cell tumors and 8 germ cell tumors) diagnosed between 1993 and 2005 were immunohistochemically stained for Her-2/neu. " 11/01/2005 - "Immunohistochemical study for OCT4 was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of 63 cases of germ cell tumors, including seminoma (21), dysgerminoma (7), germinoma (8), embryonal carcinoma (8), yolk sac tumor (6), mature teratoma (10) and immature teratoma (3), as well as 25 cases of non-germ cell tumors, including granulosa cell tumor (8), clear cell adenocarcinoma (4), Leydig's cell tumor (5), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (4) and malignant melanoma (4). " 12/01/1997 - "To determine the efficacy of this marker for distinguishing granulosa cell tumors, 134 primary and metastatic lesions of the ovary were evaluated for expression of the alpha-subunit of inhibin in routinely processed formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. " 01/01/1999 - "Because the use of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of granulosa cell tumor (GCT) has not been fully explored, routinely processed (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded) tissue from 11 GCT, adult type, was investigated immunohistochemically (ABC method) with a broad spectrum of antibodies against various markers, including p53 and Ki-67. " 01/01/2019 - "Immunohistochemistry for androgen receptor, the immune markers programmed cell death ligand 1, indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase, and cluster of differentiation 8, and the vascular marker cluster of differentiation 31 were evaluated on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded whole tissue sections from 29 cases of adult-type granulosa cell tumors. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 02/01/2013 - "The best treatment for recurrent granulosa cell tumor(GCT)is considered to be surgical resection, because the effects of chemotherapy or radiation on GCT are obscure. " 09/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to retrospectively report our experience (efficacy/morbidity) with cytoreductive surgery+hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS+HIPEC) for the management of recurrent/relapsed ovarian granulosa cell tumors (OGCT). " 08/01/2023 - "The patient had been previously diagnosed with an adult granulosa cell tumor of the right ovary at age 55 and had undergone surgical resection along with chemotherapy." 11/14/2019 - "Because reports on the management of recurrent granulosa cell tumor have been sparse, a consensus as to which patients should undergo surgical resection and which patients should be considered for chemotherapy has not been established. " 11/14/2019 - "Clinical Determinants Affecting Indications for Surgery and Chemotherapy in Recurrent Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumor."
2.	Therapeutics 04/24/2023 - "The aim of our study is to examine the clinical, surgical, and pathological factors of stage 1C adult granulosa cell tumor (AGCT) patients and to investigate the effects of adjuvant therapy on recurrence and survival rates in this patient group. " 01/01/2008 - "Randomized study must be made to establish standard therapy of granulosa-cell tumor. " 09/23/2022 - "Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of hormonal therapy (HT) in patients with recurrent adult ovary granulosa cell tumors. " 09/23/2022 - "Hormonal Therapy in Pretreated Patients With Recurrent Ovary Granulosa Cell Tumor." 06/17/2022 - "Response to Systemic Therapies in Ovarian Adult Granulosa Cell Tumors: A Literature Review."
3.	Radiotherapy 01/01/2023 - "This review aims to summarize the level of evidence of the role of radiation treatments for granulosa cell tumors of the ovary." 01/01/2023 - "Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) of the ovary: What is the role of radiotherapy?" 06/01/1999 - "Radiotherapy is a treatment option that should be considered in localized recurrent or metastatic granulosa cell tumor that is not amenable to surgery as it can potentially control the disease for several years." 06/01/1999 - "Radiotherapy for the treatment of metastatic granulosa cell tumor in the mediastinum: a case report." 08/23/1975 - "[Good palliative radiotherapy of metastasized malignant granulosa cell tumor]."
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 06/01/1999 - "We report a case of metastatic ovarian granulosa cell tumor in the mediastinum with a 2-year disease-free interval after treatment with radiotherapy and review the literature regarding the use of radiotherapy in recurrent and metastatic granulosa cell tumor. " 01/01/1980 - "Eight of the granulosa-cell tumor group gave birth to 12 children after treatment for the tumor. " 01/01/1992 - "[Metastasis surgery in granulosa cell tumor--determining indications and tumor after care]." 06/01/2017 - "AMH can be used as a marker of sertoli/granulosa cell tumors and primary ovarian insufficiency in girls with delayed puberty, Turner Syndrome and after treatment with gonadotoxic agents."
5.	Traction 07/15/1997 - "All of these factors improved exposure, decreased traction on the ovary, increased our ability to observe the vasculature, and decreased postoperative morbidity, aiding in the removal of granulosa cell tumors in mares."