Goiter

Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).

Also Known As:

Networked: 5481 relevant articles (160 outcomes, 564 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hyperthyroidism
2.	Hypothyroidism
3.	Graves Disease (Basedow Disease)
4.	Thyroid Diseases (Thyroid Disease)
5.	Goiter

Experts

1.	Hegedüs, Laszlo: 29 articles (03/2022 - 01/2002)
2.	Zimmermann, Michael B: 21 articles (12/2020 - 04/2002)
3.	Targovnik, Héctor M: 16 articles (01/2021 - 09/2003)
4.	Pearce, Elizabeth N: 16 articles (12/2020 - 12/2002)
5.	Rivolta, Carina M: 16 articles (01/2020 - 09/2003)
6.	Völzke, Henry: 15 articles (01/2021 - 10/2007)
7.	Azizi, Fereidoun: 15 articles (01/2019 - 10/2002)
8.	Dralle, Henning: 15 articles (03/2015 - 08/2002)
9.	Bonnema, Steen Joop: 14 articles (10/2019 - 05/2004)
10.	Medeiros-Neto, Geraldo: 14 articles (01/2018 - 02/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Goiter:

1.	IodineIBA 08/01/1986 - "Iodination of the water was followed by a prompt and marked reduction in goiter prevalence, and by improvement in biochemical indices of iodine deficiency. " 08/01/2004 - "Despite good results of iodine treatment of non-toxic goiters, this case describes an unintended outcome leaving a patient without thyroid tissue, and a protracted course could have been avoided if the patient had undergone surgery earlier. " 07/01/1999 - "After promote iodinated-food consumption, good results with a decrease in goiter prevalence and a increase in urinary iodine excretion were observed. " 01/01/1996 - "There was a small but significant reduction in serum T3, FT3I as well as in the prevalence and severity of goiter 1 year following iodine treatment. " 05/01/1983 - "Papillary/follicular ratio was not significantly greater in litoral (5.5:1) than in regions with a low iodine intake and a relatively high prevalence of goiter (3.5:1). "
2.	Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2008 - "Thus, our report supports previous findings that fetal goiter can be treated successfully with intra-amniotic injection of levothyroxine.More" 09/01/1991 - "Our study demonstrates that L-thyroxine treatment is effective in reducing goiter size in the majority of children with a diffuse goiter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" 05/01/2006 - "Levothyroxine treatment is effective in reducing thyroid volume in pediatric patients and is suggested in treatment of goiter caused by AIT, especially in cases of hypothyroid, but also in euthyroid children." 11/01/1992 - "In conclusion suppressive thyroxine treatment is effective in reducing the goiter, nodules instead are only in part sensitive to the treatment. " 01/01/1992 - "This case suggests that cordocentesis is a reliable method to assess the fetal thyroid status; moreover a single injection of intra-amniotic thyroxine was effective in treating fetal hypothyroid goiter."
3.	Thyroid HormonesIBA 09/01/2020 - "Univariate analyses revealed no significant differences between the remission group and non-remission group in terms of age at diagnosis, sex, initial goiter size, or initial thyroid hormone concentration. " 05/01/1975 - "The false positive results nearly all occurred in patients with goiter associated with a defect in thyroid hormone synthesis." 12/01/1985 - "Comparative studies of histological differences between patients who were treated with thyroid hormone and those who were not were made in the patients who had no change in goiter size during the observation period, which was greater than 10 yr. The histological changes were similar in both groups at the beginning of the study, and no significant histological changes during the period of greater than 10 yr were found in either group. " 05/01/1969 - "[Study of thyroid hormone synthesis in a patient with congenital goiter]." 07/27/2023 - "This case demonstrates the importance of prompt diagnosis and initiation of thyroid hormone replacement, allowing for significant goiter regression without surgical intervention and ensuring normal growth and neurodevelopmental outcome. "
4.	SaltsIBA 01/18/2012 - "[Swedish iodination of salt has decreased the incidence of goiter. " 09/25/2018 - "Methods In this study, we investigated the prevalence and etiology of goiter in 3594 schoolchildren 17 years after an increase in salt iodization in Croatia. " 12/01/2017 - "This study assesses the distribution of goiter in the Kalutara District, Sri Lanka in order to find causative factors for the occurrence of goiter even after the salt iodization. " 03/01/2007 - "To study the prevalence of goiter associated with some factors in Guangzhou after the implementation of universal salt iodization. " 05/28/1972 - "Studies of the effect of salt iodization on goiter, Taiwan. "
5.	AntibodiesIBA 05/01/2013 - "The rate of remission was significantly higher in patients without goiter (94.9 vs. 28.6%) and in those who were negative for antithyroid antibodies (89.7 vs. 42.9%). " 02/01/2014 - "Progression odds increase with increasing baseline TSH, with goiter presence and with positive anti-thyroid antibodies (two studies in children). " 07/01/2006 - "A total of 47 patients with goiter and positive thyroid auto-antibodies participated in the study. " 09/01/2001 - "The Sardinian Autoimmunity Study: 3. Studies on circulating antithyroid antibodies in Sardinian schoolchildren: relationship to goiter prevalence and thyroid function." 09/29/2023 - "56.8% would consider LT4 use in biochemically euthyroid patients: infertile women with elevated anti-thyroid antibodies (46.9%), resistant depression (17.3%) and growing goiter (12%). "
6.	Antithyroid Agents (Antithyroid Drugs)IBA 08/01/1997 - "Reduction of goiter size is one of the criteria necessary to determine clinical remission in antithyroid drug (ATD)-treated Graves' patients. " 03/01/2003 - "A relatively low frequency of AIT, as observed in the present study, raises the possibility of a significant role of environmental goitrogens as the underlying pathogenetic factor in postiodization residual goiter in Indian schoolchildren." 01/01/1967 - "[Study of goiters provoked or aggravated by the untimely administration of synthetic antithyroid drugs]." 01/01/1965 - "[Development of goiter by means of synthetic antithyroid agents as an experimental model for the study of the thyrotropic secretory tonus in studies of physiology and pharmacology]." 03/01/2022 - "Patients were directed to surgery when they had large goiters with compressive symptoms or suspicious nodules, were pregnant or lactating, were unresponsive or intolerant to antithyroid drugs (ATDs), or expressed a preference to have surgery. "
7.	Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)FDA Link 03/01/2010 - "Radioiodine plus recombinant human thyrotropin do not cause acute airway compression and are effective in reducing multinodular goiter." 10/01/2008 - "In this open-label study conducted between June 2002 and December 2004, euthyroid patients with small nontoxic multinodular goiters and normal thyrotropin concentrations were recruited from 4 sites in the United States. " 12/01/1991 - "Recent studies have been designed to investigate: a) whether the cell number-dependent inhibition of promotion-progression is mediated by remote hormonal feed-back, local cell-cell interactions, or both; b) the cell population kinetics of the clonogen subpopulation during goitrogenesis and goiter involution; and c) the effect of prolonged exposure to high levels of TSH (thyrotropin) on the capacity of the clonogens to give rise to functional FU. " 01/01/2020 - "Herein two of four siblings of a consanguineous Sudanese family with CH, goiter, high initial serum thyrotropin, and undetectable TG were found to have a novel frameshift insertion of an Alu element within an exon of the TG gene: c.7909ins p.Y3637Ffs. " 09/01/2017 - "Group 2 patients had higher mean age (25.5 vs. 23.6 years), goiter (51 vs. 2%), initial thyroid stimulating hormone (7.9 vs. 5.1 μIU/mL), and thyroid antibody positivity (76 vs. 13%) (P < 0.001). "
8.	Thyrotropin AlfaFDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2009 - "RhTSH prestimulation is particularly beneficial in patients with very large goiters and in those with a low baseline thyroid (131)I uptake. " 08/01/2012 - "The mean goiter volume reductions obtained at 1 yr and final FU [59.2 ± 2.4% (sem) and 69.7 ± 3.1%, respectively] in the rhTSH group were significantly greater than those obtained in the (131)I-alone group (43.2 ± 3.7 and 56.2 ± 3.6%, respectively, P = 0.001 and P = 0.006), corresponding to a gain of 24% at final FU. " 12/01/2010 - "Recent studies show that recombinant human TSH, currently used off-label, can augment the radioiodine-related goiter shrinkage by 30-50%. " 10/01/2008 - "Future studies evaluating rhTSH doses less than 0.1 mg in patients with multinodular goiter are justified." 04/01/2006 - "The aim of the study was to investigate whether rhTSH per se causes goiter enlargement, until now an issue evaluated only in healthy nongoitrous subjects. "
9.	iodized salt (iodised salt)IBA 04/18/2017 - "Generally, the occurrence of goiter in the study area was found to have statistical significant association with sex of respondents (being female) [AOR = 3.526; 95% CI (2.55-4.87)], climatic condition of resident (temperate climate) [AOR = 0.617; 95% CI (0.404-0.943)], frequency of iodized salt use [AOR = 0.484; 95% CI (0.317-0.739)] and consumption of cassava [AOR = 4.184; 95% CI (2.6-6.707)]. " 05/01/2016 - "The present study revealed that children's goiter prevalence decreased significantly after removing iodized salt from their diet for about one and half years in the HIA in Hebei province." 03/01/2006 - "In this study, the main risk factors for goiter were storage of iodized salt in open containers, medium SES and also living in specific districts of Qom city. " 11/01/2000 - "Our study concludes that use of iodised salt has beneficial effects towards prophylactic measures against goiter. " 10/01/1952 - "Goiter prevention with iodized salt: results of a thirty-year study."
10.	ThyroglobulinFDA Link 01/01/2013 - "A clinically euthyroid child with a large goiter due to a thyroglobulin gene defect: clinical features and genetic studies." 07/01/2010 - "New insights into thyroglobulin pathophysiology revealed by the study of a family with congenital goiter." 05/01/1972 - "Studies on the pathogenesis of poor thyroglobulin iodination in non-toxic multinodular goiter." 10/01/2022 - "Although structural information is available on recombinant and deglycosylated endogenous human thyroglobulin (hTG) from patients with goiters, the structure of native, fully glycosylated hTG remained unknown. " 01/01/2022 - "Thyroglobulin defects with goiter should be treated with LT4, even if TSH levels are normal."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 08/01/1985 - "Large dose radioiodine therapy is simple, safe, and effective for most patients with large toxic multinodular goiters." 04/01/2002 - "In conclusion, high-dose (131)I therapy seems as effective in reducing the substernal as the cervical goiter volume. " 07/28/1977 - "Of various possibilities analyzed, only a small goiter at the onset of therapy and tri-iodothyronine toxicosis were significantly favorable prognostic indicators that a remission would be maintained. " 03/01/2023 - "Contrary to the recommended treatment, this case showed that fractionated radioiodine therapy alone is effective in controlling thyroid function and in reducing goiter size. " 02/01/1995 - "The current concept of goiter treatment by a TSH suppressive therapy has been derived from the previous hypothesis that TSH alone is more effective in causal goiter treatment than the TSH suppressive therapy."
2.	Thyroidectomy 03/01/1997 - "Bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy was the best treatment for multinodular goiter in our series. " 01/01/2018 - "Goiter symptoms improved significantly after thyroidectomy, but without correlation to esophageal motility disturbances. " 01/01/2014 - "The treatment of benign multinodular goiter (BMNB) is a matter of ongoing debate in recent decades despite evidence that total thyroidectomy (TT) is associated with a significant reduction in disease recurrence and minimal morbidity in trained hands. " 10/01/2013 - "Patients with benign goiters experience significant improvement in QoL after thyroidectomy." 05/01/2007 - "Theodor Kocher, surgeon and Nobel laureate, has influenced thyroid surgery all over the world: his treatment for multinodular goiter-subtotal thyroidectomy-has been the "Gold Standard" for more than a century. "
3.	Radiofrequency Ablation 01/01/2021 - "Radiofrequency Ablation a Safe and Effective Treatment for Pediatric Benign Nodular Thyroid Goiter." 01/01/2022 - "Safety and Efficacy of Single-Session Radiofrequency Ablation Treatment for Benign Non-toxic Multinodular Goiter." 08/01/2020 - "The Efficacy of Ultrasonography-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation in Patients With Benign Thyroid Goiters With a History of Unilateral Lobectomy." 09/01/2013 - "Combination therapy of temporary tracheal stenting and radiofrequency ablation for multinodular thyroid goiter with airway compression." 01/01/2017 - "[Iodine 131 joint radio frequency ablation treatment for child with hyperthyroidism goiter: one case report]."
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 12/01/1992 - "The chance of permanent remission after prolonged drug therapy was investigated in 41 patients with toxic multinodular goiter. " 04/01/1994 - "Appropriate chemotherapy produced a rapid clinical and laboratory improvement manifested by the reduction of the goiter and restoration of a euthyroid state. " 12/01/1993 - "[Drug therapy of goiter. " 05/01/1986 - "[Dynamics of various indicators of cellular immunity in patients with diffuse toxic goiter after drug therapy]." 05/01/1984 - "The authors are of opinion that in diffuse forms of the goiter thermography should be considered appropriate as a test for dynamic observation in the process of drug therapy. "
5.	Duration of Therapy 09/01/1998 - "Prolonged duration of treatment did not yield better results in patients with larger goiters or a history of recurrence, or both. " 12/01/1995 - "Patients with larger goiter (grade II-III) and shorter duration of treatment (< 23 months) had a higher relapse rate than those-with smaller goiter (grade O-I) [29/46 vs. 12/35; chi 2 = 6.576, p = 0.010; p = 0.015 in stepwise logistic regression (LR)] and longer duration of treatment (> or = 23 months) (15/20 vs. 26/61; chi 2 = 6.316, p = 0.012; p = 0.020 in LR). " 07/01/2002 - "Goiter size was the only statistically significant remission sign whereas age, disease duration, MMZ dose, exophthalmos, treatment duration or 1-thyroxine concomitant use were not useful predictive factors. " 05/01/2013 - "Logistic regression analysis was used to predict factors which can predict treatment failure, such as age, sex, duration of disease, grade of goiter, duration of treatment with anti-thyroid drugs, mean dosage of anti-thyroid drugs used, (99m)Tc-pertechnetate ((99m)TcO4 (-)) uptake at 20 min, dose of (131)I administered, total triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels. " 11/01/2011 - "The aim was to determine the incidence of amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunctions and the influence of gender, age, treatment duration, goiter, thyroid antibodies, thyroid echogenicity and family history on their appearance. "