Tourette Syndrome (Tourette's Syndrome)

A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)

Also Known As:

Tourette's Syndrome; Combined Vocal and Multiple Motor Tic Disorder; Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome; Tourette's Disorder; Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder; Combined Multiple Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder; Gilles De La Tourette's Syndrome; Multiple Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder, Combined; Tourette Disease; Tourette Disorder; Tourette's Disease; Syndrome, Tourette; Tourettes Disease; Tourettes Disorder; Tourettes Syndrome; Gilles de la Tourette Disorder; Gilles de la Tourette's Disease; Tic Disorder, Combined Vocal and Multiple Motor

Networked: 1795 relevant articles (167 outcomes, 298 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Tics (Tic)
2.	Tic Disorders (Tic Disorder)
3.	Schizophrenia (Dementia Praecox)
4.	Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive)
5.	Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

Experts

1.	Porta, Mauro: 29 articles (03/2022 - 01/2008)
2.	Servello, Domenico: 27 articles (10/2021 - 01/2008)
3.	Visser-Vandewalle, Veerle: 26 articles (03/2022 - 03/2006)
4.	Leckman, James F: 26 articles (01/2021 - 04/2002)
5.	Okun, Michael S: 25 articles (10/2021 - 07/2007)
6.	Müller-Vahl, Kirsten R: 21 articles (05/2022 - 02/2003)
7.	Singer, Harvey S: 20 articles (01/2020 - 08/2002)
8.	Kuhn, Jens: 19 articles (03/2022 - 07/2007)
9.	Cavanna, Andrea E: 18 articles (03/2022 - 10/2008)
10.	Foote, Kelly D: 18 articles (10/2021 - 07/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Tourette Syndrome:

1.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 01/01/2016 - "(2016) present a systematic review that reports the efficacy of three primary treatments for children with Tourette syndrome (TS) - (a) α2-adrenergic receptor agonists; (b) antipsychotic medications; and (c) habit reversal training/comprehensive behavioral intervention. " 10/01/2017 - "The objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of antipsychotic safety monitoring in children with Tourette Syndrome using a defined protocol and to evaluate the risk of adverse effects with chronic use. " 05/01/2017 - "This study assesses the risk of fractures among children with Tourette syndrome (TS), and identifies the effects of comorbidities and antipsychotics. " 09/01/2009 - "This study evaluated effects of neuroleptics on body mass index for age and sex (body mass index Z scores) in a matched cohort of neuroleptic-treated (n = 16) and nonneuroleptic-treated (n = 29) children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome. " 02/01/2006 - "The objective of this study was to assess awareness and concern of neuroleptic (NL)-induced side effects in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) patients. "
2.	Aripiprazole (Abilify)FDA Link 11/01/2017 - "At week 8, 69% (29/42) of patients in the low-dose and 74% (26/35) of patients in the high-dose aripiprazole groups demonstrated a Clinical Global Impression-Tourette's Syndrome improvement score of 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved) compared with 38% (16/42) in the placebo group. " 10/01/2014 - "Case report on Tourette syndrome treated successfully with aripiprazole." 12/01/2006 - "Aripiprazole is effective in the treatment of Tourette's disorder." 11/01/2017 - "Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Demonstrates the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Aripiprazole for the Treatment of Tourette's Disorder in Children and Adolescents." 08/01/2013 - "A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with Tourette's disorder."
3.	Haloperidol (Haldol)FDA LinkGeneric 10/20/1976 - "Tourette's syndrome patients treated successfully with haloperidol, untreated patients, and healthy controls were studied with tests of temporal discrimination and measures of transmitted information shown previously to be sensitive to brain dysfunction. " 08/01/1979 - "Neuroendocrine effects of haloperidol in an adolescent with Gilles de la Tourette's disease and delayed onset of puberty." 08/26/1968 - "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: remission with haloperidol." 11/01/1999 - "Six Tourette's syndrome men aged 14-48 years resistant to haloperidol participated in the study. " 10/01/1982 - "A prospective clinical and biochemical study on the effects of treatment with haloperidol has been performed in seven patients with Tourette syndrome. "
4.	Nicotine FDA Link 10/01/2001 - "Preliminary clinical studies indicate possible therapeutic benefits of nicotine in the treatment of Tourette's syndrome (TS). " 10/01/2014 - "Lastly, nicotine has been reported to attenuate the dyskinetic symptoms of Tourette's disorder. " 06/01/2005 - "Excitability of motor cortex inhibitory circuits in Tourette syndrome before and after single dose nicotine." 04/01/2004 - "Clinical and attentional effects of acute nicotine treatment in Tourette's syndrome." 10/01/2001 - "Nicotine attenuates DOI-induced head-twitch response in mice: implications for Tourette syndrome."
5.	Pimozide (Orap)FDA Link 03/01/1984 - "Controlled study of pimozide vs. placebo in Tourette's syndrome." 01/01/2016 - "Timing recalibration in childhood Tourette syndrome associated with persistent pimozide treatment." 10/01/1987 - "Significant interindividual variability of pimozide pharmacokinetics was found in both adults and children with Tourette's syndrome. " 10/01/1987 - "Mean elimination half-life of pimozide in children was 66 hours compared with 111 hours in adults with Tourette's syndrome. " 10/01/1987 - "A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of pimozide was made in children and adults with Tourette's syndrome. "
6.	Risperidone (Risperdal Consta)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1996 - "Nineteen patients with Tourette syndrome (TS) were treated with risperidone, at a mean daily dose of 1.5 mg. Of those, 41% responded positively, 35% felt that it had made no difference, while it made 24% worse. " 04/01/2012 - "Randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of risperidone versus traditional agents for Tourette's syndrome were identified, and eligible studies were included according to our established strategy. " 04/08/2003 - "A placebo-controlled trial of risperidone in Tourette syndrome." 02/01/2002 - "A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed to determine the efficacy and tolerability of 8 weeks of treatment with risperidone in the management of 48 adolescent and adult patients with Tourette syndrome. " 02/01/2002 - "Risperidone in the treatment of tourette syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial."
7.	Clonidine (ST 155)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1987 - "Clonidine has been suggested to be effective in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS), but no double-blind study has ever evaluated its effects using objective measures. " 12/01/1980 - "Clonidine ameliorates Gilles de la Tourette syndrome." 01/01/1990 - "Nine patients with mild Tourette's syndrome completed a cross-over, placebo-controlled study of clonidine administered transdermally. " 12/01/1986 - "Following an open trial of clonidine hydrochloride (3 to 8 micrograms/kg/day for 12 weeks), we studied the behavioral, cardiovascular, and neurochemical effects of abrupt clonidine withdrawal in seven patients with Tourette's syndrome aged 9 to 13 years. " 12/01/2020 - "Clonidine is first line for children with Tourette syndrome. "
8.	deutetrabenazineIBA 10/01/2021 - "To examine whether deutetrabenazine is effective and safe for the treatment of Tourette syndrome in children and adolescents. " 10/01/2021 - "Safety and Efficacy of Flexible-Dose Deutetrabenazine in Children and Adolescents With Tourette Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial." 10/01/2021 - "In this study of deutetrabenazine in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome, the primary efficacy end point was not met. " 10/01/2021 - "In this fixed-dose randomized clinical trial of deutetrabenazine in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome, the primary efficacy end point was not met. " 09/01/2023 - "Safety and Efficacy of Long-Term Deutetrabenazine Use in Children and Adolescents with Tics Associated with Tourette Syndrome: An Open-Label Extension Study."
9.	Olanzapine (Zyprexa)FDA Link 04/01/2001 - "An open-label study of the treatment efficacy of olanzapine for Tourette's disorder." 12/01/2012 - "Olanzapine may be the drug of first choice for treating severe Tourette syndrome in pubescent female adolescents and young women who wish to have children." 12/01/2012 - "The author reports the successful outcome of long-term olanzapine treatment in an adult woman with severe Tourette syndrome. " 04/01/2009 - "Olanzapine as treatment for children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome." 10/01/2008 - "Effectiveness and tolerability of open label olanzapine in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome."
10.	Levetiracetam (Keppra)FDA LinkGeneric 06/24/2010 - "Although trials performed to evaluate the efficacy of levetiracetam in the treatment of Tourette syndrome have provided conflicting results, it may be useful in some patients. " 06/24/2010 - "The established safe profile of levetiracetam makes this drug an alternative for treatment if intolerance to currently used drugs appears, but additional evaluation with larger and longer duration controlled studies are necessary to assess the real efficacy in patients with Tourette syndrome." 09/15/2007 - "A double blind randomized placebo control trial of levetiracetam in Tourette syndrome." 11/01/2009 - "An open-label, prospective study of levetiracetam in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome." 01/01/2008 - "Levetiracetam, an anti-epileptic agent that enhances GABAergic neurotransmission, is one of the newest alternative treatments of Tourette syndrome (TS). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Deep Brain Stimulation 01/01/2018 - "Deep brain stimulation was associated with symptomatic improvement in patients with Tourette syndrome but also with important adverse events. " 05/05/2016 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been a promising treatment for patients with refractory Tourette syndrome (TS) for more than a decade. " 01/01/2020 - "Deep Brain Stimulation Results in Greater Symptomatic Improvement in Tourette Syndrome than Conservative Measures: A Meta-Analysis." 12/01/2019 - "Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) can be effective in controlling medically intractable symptoms of Tourette's syndrome (TS). " 01/01/2012 - "Bilateral globus pallidus internus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been considered to be an effective treatment for refractory Tourette's syndrome. "
2.	Therapeutics 08/01/2015 - "Behavioural therapies have been proven efficacious in Tourette's syndrome and are likely to be helpful in complex motor stereotypies. " 05/01/2011 - "Improved understanding of Tourette syndrome should lead to better symptomatic and more effective pathogenesis-targeted therapies." 06/30/2022 - "Correction: Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of therapist-guided internet-delivered behaviour therapy for children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome: study protocol for a single-blind randomised controlled trial." 09/30/2021 - "Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of therapist-guided internet-delivered behaviour therapy for children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome: study protocol for a single-blind randomised controlled trial." 01/01/2021 - "The objective of this study is to evaluate therapeutic online coaching via videoconferencing in the natural environment of children with Tourette's disorder in addition to face-to-face therapy (blended therapy). "
3.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 09/01/2018 - "Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for Tourette syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis." 01/01/2023 - "This study tested the reactivity of motor cortex inhibition to different intensities of external stimulation by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and its internal modulation during different motor states in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome. " 12/24/2021 - "Targeted Interventions in Tourette's using Advanced Neuroimaging and Stimulation (TITANS): study protocol for a double-blind, randomised controlled trial of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the supplementary motor area in children with Tourette's syndrome." 09/01/2018 - "The objective of this study is to report the effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in three patients with medication-refractory Tourette syndrome (TS) and over 3-month follow-up. " 09/01/2018 - "Low-frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment of Tourette Syndrome: A Naturalistic Study with 3 Months of Follow-up."
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 08/01/2006 - "Although pharmacotherapy is the most commonly prescribed intervention, there is considerable evidence to support the use of behavior therapy, specifically habit reversal training, as an alternative or adjunct treatment for some individuals with Tourette syndrome. " 04/01/2006 - "Contemporary assessment and pharmacotherapy of Tourette syndrome." 03/01/1992 - "Pharmacotherapy of Tourette's syndrome and associated disorders." 10/01/1991 - "Controls were taking no medications, and drug therapy for Tourette Syndrome had been stopped or not yet initiated in the patient group. " 11/01/1988 - "An outline of pharmacotherapy and pharmacological properties of agents used in management of Tourette's syndrome has been made. "
5.	Chinese Traditional Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine) 01/01/2021 - "Although increasing evidence reveals the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its safety on Tourette Syndrome (TS) patients, whether TCM is indeed improving TS remains unclear. " 01/01/2021 - "Traditional Chinese Medicine Strategy for Patients with Tourette Syndrome Based on Clinical Efficacy and Safety: A Meta-Analysis of 47 Randomized Controlled Trials." 01/01/2020 - "Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for Tourette's syndrome: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." 01/01/2022 - "Qinglong Zhidong Decoction (QLZDD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, has been effectively used to alleviate Tourette syndrome (TS) in children. " 01/01/2020 - "Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used in the treatment of Tourette's Syndrome (TS). "