Epididymitis

Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.

Also Known As:

Networked: 511 relevant articles (26 outcomes, 32 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Urethritis
2.	Infections
3.	Inflammation (Inflammations)
4.	Hematoma
5.	Spermatic Cord Torsion (Testicular Torsion)

Experts

1.	Pilatz, Adrian: 6 articles (06/2022 - 06/2014)
2.	Bhushan, Sudhanshu: 5 articles (01/2019 - 03/2014)
3.	Meinhardt, Andreas: 5 articles (01/2019 - 03/2014)
4.	Michel, Vera: 4 articles (01/2018 - 03/2014)
5.	Schuppe, Hans-Christian: 4 articles (01/2018 - 06/2014)
6.	Vicari, E: 4 articles (12/2006 - 03/2001)
7.	Araki, Motoo: 3 articles (12/2021 - 04/2017)
8.	Ishii, Ayano: 3 articles (12/2021 - 04/2017)
9.	Nasu, Yasutomo: 3 articles (12/2021 - 04/2017)
10.	Sadahira, Takuya: 3 articles (12/2021 - 04/2017)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Epididymitis:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 02/01/2014 - "Two patients with postoperative epididymitis were treated successfully with a 1-week course of antibiotics. " 01/01/2022 - "Epididymitis histological alterations and related long-term reproductive issues cannot be cured by antibiotics alone. " 09/01/2002 - "Our diagnosis was right epididymitis, and the swelling of the scrotum was improved by antibiotics. " 12/01/2021 - "Fourteen studies addressed antibiotic administration wherein 652 patients were with acute epididymitis and 554 (85%) received antibiotics.Of" 06/01/2022 - "Advances in the antibiotic management of epididymitis."
2.	Tetracycline (Achromycin)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1979 - "Antibiotic therapy with tetracycline was effective for the treatment of men with Chlamydia trachomatis epididymitis and should be offered to the female sex partners." 01/01/1982 - "Seven day regimens of either a tetracycline or erythromycin are generally preferred for uncomplicated infections, but ten days of a tetracycline is preferred for complications like acute pelvic inflammatory disease or epididymitis. " 12/01/1995 - " The major complications were: 1) 0.3% had hematoma, 2 cases required surgical drainage; 2) 0.26% had infection, 2 cases required surgical drainage and intravenous antibiotics for scrotal abscess; 3) 1.14% had epididymitis, a congestive type that responded well to anti-inflammatory drugs, while in some cases tetracycline was needed; 4) 0.22% had vasocutaneous fistula, which were resected without problems; and 5) 0.30% had other complications including granulomas of the cord or the scrotal wall. " 12/01/1985 - "Recurrence of urethritis, accompanied by epididymitis, was associated this time with the recovery of a different (tetracycline sensitive) ureaplasma strain; the urethritis and epididymitis were treated successfully with a combination of netilmicin and doxycycline. " 04/01/1989 - " The guidelines advocate empirical treatment of symptomatic clients, recommending that clients with any of the following symptoms be treated automatically with tetracycline, doxycycline, or erythromycin: nongonococcal urethritis; mucopurulent cervicitis; pelvic inflammatory disease; and epididymitis in men 35 years old or younger. "
3.	Ofloxacin (Ofloxacine)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1987 - "In this study, 20 men suffering from acute nongonococcal epididymitis were treated with ofloxacin 200mg bid given orally for 2 weeks. " 11/01/2001 - "A 75-year-old white man received 23.6 grams of ofloxacin over a 51-day period for epididymitis. " 09/01/1990 - "In a prospective study, 70 men suffering from uncomplicated acute unilateral epididymitis were treated initially with 2 x 200 mg ofloxacin p.o. " 09/01/1990 - "[Initial therapy of acute unilateral epididymitis using ofloxacin. " 09/01/1990 - "[Initial therapy of acute unilateral epididymitis using ofloxacin. "
4.	Doxycycline (Periostat)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1999 - "Complete clinical and radiological response was achieved after a long course of doxycycline treatment, without surgical exploration of the scrotum, confirming the diagnosis of chlamydial epididymitis." 11/01/1991 - "In a rat model of epididymitis, trimethoprim and doxycycline demonstrated the greatest degree of epididymal penetration compared to serum. " 04/01/1993 - "The in vivo efficacy of ofloxacin was compared with those of cefotaxime and doxycycline in a rat model of epididymitis due to Escherichia coli. " 04/01/1993 - "Comparative efficacies of ofloxacin, cefotaxime, and doxycycline for treatment of experimental epididymitis due to Escherichia coli in rats." 12/01/1985 - "Recurrence of urethritis, accompanied by epididymitis, was associated this time with the recovery of a different (tetracycline sensitive) ureaplasma strain; the urethritis and epididymitis were treated successfully with a combination of netilmicin and doxycycline. "
5.	VaccinesIBA 01/01/1979 - "Epididymitis in rams: studies on vaccine efficacy." 06/04/2014 - "Brucella ovis causes ram contagious epididymitis, a disease for which a specific vaccine is lacking. " 02/01/2012 - "Vaccines are available for the control of contagious epididymitis and abortion in small ruminants, although many of them have significant limitations either in efficacy or safety to both the animals vaccinated and to the people handling the vaccine or animals. " 09/01/1979 - "Examinations were also carried out on all rams on 11 stud farms in the Middelburg and adjacent districts with a high incidence of epididymitis, despite regular immunization with Elberg Rev. 1 vaccine. " 01/01/2011 - "Articles from 1950-2010 were identified through a Medline search using the keyword "Chlamydia trachomatis" combined with "screening", "pelvic inflammatory disease", "endometritis", "salpingitis", "infertility", "ectopic pregnancy", "urethritis", "epididymitis", "proctitis", "prostatitis", "reinfection", "cost-effectiveness", "treatment", "vaccines", or "prevention". "
6.	QuinolonesIBA 05/01/1997 - "The epididymal, testicular, and prostatic tissue penetration of sparfloxacin, a new quinolone, was assessed in a rat model of acute epididymitis. " 01/01/1989 - "Pefloxacin is a novel quinolone whose antibacterial spectrum and bactericidal activity allow it to be considered for use in the treatment of orchitis and epididymitis Prior to clinical study the authors investigated the degree of epididymal diffusion of Pefloxacin. " 12/01/2002 - "To assess the effect of initial antimicrobial therapy with a new highly potent quinolone (sparfloxacin) on the outcome of infection, especially acute and chronic inflammation, in a rat model of unilateral Escherichia coli epididymitis. " 07/01/1987 - "Ofloxacin, an antibiotic of the new quinolone group, was proved to be highly effective in the treatment of acute and chronic bacterial as well as chlamydial epididymitis." 05/01/1992 - "We performed basic and clinical studies on the effects of a new oral quinolone derivative, levofloxacin (LVFX, Code No. DR 3355) which is an optical l-isomer of ofloxacin, in acute epididymitis. "
7.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 05/10/2018 - "This case report details the history of an acute paranoid psychosis that developed in a patient treated with ciprofloxacin for epididymitis." 07/01/2006 - "A 54-year-old male who presented with acute right scrotal pain and a whitish discharge, had been diagnosed four months earlier with acute epididymitis and prescribed ciprofloxacin. " 05/10/2018 - "Acute Psychosis After Treatment of Epididymitis with Ciprofloxacin." 11/01/1999 - "For epididymitis in men over the age of 40 years ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily is more effective than pivampicillin 700 mg orally twice daily. " 02/14/2000 - "Ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily was compared to pivampicillin 700 mg orally twice daily for 10 days in 172 men (41-85 years) with acute epididymitis. "
8.	PivampicillinIBA 11/01/1999 - "For epididymitis in men over the age of 40 years ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily is more effective than pivampicillin 700 mg orally twice daily. " 02/14/2000 - "Ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily was compared to pivampicillin 700 mg orally twice daily for 10 days in 172 men (41-85 years) with acute epididymitis. " 02/14/2000 - "[Ciprofloxacin and pivampicillin in acute epididymitis in men above the age of 40 years]." 11/01/1999 - "To compare the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily with pivampicillin 700 mg orally twice daily for 10 days in men with acute epididymitis and over 40 years of age. " 11/01/1999 - "A double-blind, randomized, controlled multicentre study to compare the efficacy of ciprofloxacin with pivampicillin as oral therapy for epididymitis in men over 40 years of age."
9.	Amoxicillin (Wymox)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1981 - "Since multiple-dose penicillin regimens are used for the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and epididymitis, which are frequently caused by C trachomatis, the apparent efficacy of high-dose amoxicillin therapy for chlamydial urethritis in this study is of interest. " 01/01/1977 - "1. The patients with urological infections who were treated with amoxicillin included 20 patients with acute cystitis, 1 with acute urethritis, 18 with chronic prostatitis, 1 with epididymitis, 1 with pyelonephritis and 6 patients in whom the antibiotic was used for the prevention of infections. "
10.	Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the functions and related mechanisms of all trans retinoic acid (atRA) in alleviating the acute inflammation of epididymitis. " 04/01/2014 - "All-trans-retinoic acid ameliorates the inflammation by inducing transforming growth factor beta 1 and interleukin 10 in mouse epididymitis."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 07/01/2004 - "The possible routes of dissemination, as well as the efficacy of antimycobacterial therapy in the management of tuberculous epididymitis, are discussed and the relevant literature is reviewed." 08/04/2020 - "In order to reduce major complications, medical therapy should be promptly initiated when there is a suspicion of epididymitis." 09/01/2015 - "To investigate the etiology of acute epididymitis using state-of-the-art methods and to provide rational data for antimicrobial therapy and clinical management. " 03/01/2015 - "Thus, adjuvant therapies need to be studied, and research is necessary on how to prevent deterioration of testicular function in bacterial epididymitis." 06/01/2014 - "[Tuberculous epididymitis after Bacillus Calmette-Guérin intravesical therapy : a case report]."
2.	Vasectomy (Vas Occlusion) 01/01/1994 - "Microsurgical epididymovasostomy is particularly effective in patients with epididymitis or vasectomy patients with a short-term obstruction." 05/01/1994 - "The major pathological entities reviewed in the study were epididymitis, hydrocele, cystic lesions of the epididymis, post-vasectomy lesions and solid extratesticular lesions. " 11/01/2022 - "Vasectomy causes spermatozoa accumulation in the epididymis, which may cause epididymitis. " 06/01/2011 - "coli-induced epididymitis in the rat: blockade by vasectomy." 01/01/2007 - "No difference was noted between two groups (our patients without prophylactic vasectomy compared with the data from literature with prophylactic vasectomy) in the incidence of postoperative epididymitis. "
3.	Conservative Treatment 08/01/2000 - "Sonography and color Doppler sonography helped to differentiate epididymitis and torsion of a testicular appendage as a basis for further investigations and correct conservative therapy. " 01/01/1989 - "[Restoration of fertility after conservative treatment of tuberculous epididymitis]." 10/01/1971 - "[Comparison between therapeutic results obtained by means of conservative treatment and those obtained by means of surgical management of acute epididymitis]." 09/01/2015 - "Patients with acute epididymitis should receive appropriate diagnostics and antimicrobial therapy for safe conservative management." 01/01/2023 - "Conservative management of pubertal segmental testicular infarction associated with epididymitis."
4.	Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) 01/01/2007 - "Most commonly the postoperative epididymitis was noted following transvesical adenomectomies (1.53%), less commonly following retropubic (Millin's) surgery (1.09%), and most rarely following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) (0.11%). " 01/01/1988 - "Epididymitis after transurethral prostatectomy." 11/01/1974 - "Transurethral prostatectomy and epididymitis." 02/01/1979 - "Vasectomy failed to provide adequate protection against postoperative epididymitis and cannot be recommended as a routine procedure with a transurethral prostatectomy. " 02/01/1979 - " The findings of this study suggest that vasectomy does not reduce incidence of epididymitis and hence cannot be used as a routine procedure with a transurethral prostatectomy."
5.	Laser Therapy (Surgery, Laser) 10/01/1990 - "[Laser therapy of acute nonspecific epididymitis]." 01/01/1990 - "Laser therapy was found particularly effective in the treatment of residual urethritis and valuable in multiple-modality treatment of urethrogenic epididymitis, cystitis, and prostatitis. " 01/01/1990 - "The authors analyze the results of laser therapy of residual urethritis and complications of urethral inflammations: cystitis, prostatitis, epididymitis, urethral strictures. " 02/01/2020 - "Thirteen cases of epididymal tumor were treated by total excision of the tumors by laser ablation; 10 of the 12 patients complaining of chronic testicular pain were diagnosed with incomplete torsion of testicular or epididymal appendages and treated by holmium laser ablation; of the 11 cases of suspected testicular torsion, 8 were confirmed as testicular torsion and the other 3 as acute epididymitis; and 3 cases of scrotal trauma-induced old hematoma underwent surgical removal under the scrotoscope. "