Enterotoxemia

Disease caused by the liberation of exotoxins of CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS in the intestines of sheep, goats, cattle, foals, and piglets. Type B enterotoxemia in lambs is lamb dysentery; type C enterotoxemia in mature sheep produces "struck", and in calves, lambs and piglets it produces hemorrhagic enterotoxemia; type D enterotoxemia in sheep and goats is pulpy-kidney disease or overeating disease.

Also Known As:

Networked: 87 relevant articles (1 outcomes, 9 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pyoderma
2.	Enteritis
3.	Edema (Dropsy)
4.	Infections
5.	Gas Gangrene (Gangrene, Gas)

Experts

1.	McClane, Bruce A: 4 articles (01/2019 - 01/2011)
2.	Alves, Guilherme Guerra: 3 articles (12/2021 - 07/2017)
3.	Lobato, Francisco Carlos Faria: 3 articles (12/2021 - 07/2017)
4.	Silva, Rodrigo Otávio Silveira: 3 articles (12/2021 - 07/2017)
5.	Uzal, Francisco A: 3 articles (01/2019 - 01/2014)
6.	Assis, Ronnie Antunes: 2 articles (12/2021 - 06/2021)
7.	Golchin, Mehdi: 2 articles (09/2020 - 01/2016)
8.	Chang, Jitao: 2 articles (01/2020 - 11/2014)
9.	Jiang, Zhigang: 2 articles (01/2020 - 11/2014)
10.	Wang, Fang: 2 articles (01/2020 - 11/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Enterotoxemia:

1.	Synthetic Vaccines (Recombinant Vaccines)IBA 05/13/2014 - "These data suggest that Y30A-Y196A mutant could form the basis of an improved recombinant vaccine against enterotoxemia. " 05/13/2014 - "This study aimed to determine the potential of a site-directed mutant of Etx (Y30A-Y196A) to be exploited as a recombinant vaccine against enterotoxemia. " 05/13/2014 - "Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin mutant Y30A-Y196A as a recombinant vaccine candidate against enterotoxemia." 04/06/2016 - "In this study, a novel and stable epsilon toxin mutant rETX(Y196E)-C, obtained by substituting the 196th tyrosine (Y196) with glutamic acid (E) and introducing of 23 amino acids long C-terminal peptide, was determined as a promising recombinant vaccine candidate against enterotoxemia. "
2.	VaccinesIBA 01/01/2016 - "This study showed that the LC-pT1NX-ε could be a promising vaccine candidate against the enterotoxemia disease." 01/01/2023 - "These data suggest that genetically detoxified rpETXY30A/Y71A/H106P/Y196A could form the basis of a next-generation enterotoxemia vaccine." 01/01/2023 - "Genetically engineered ETX mutants have been shown to function as potential vaccine candidates in the prevention of the enterotoxemia caused by C. " 01/01/2023 - "Clostridium perfringens epsilon prototoxin mutant rpETXY30A/Y71A/H106P/Y196A as a vaccine candidate against enterotoxemia." 09/29/2020 - "Designed ETX sandwich ELISA could be a valuable tool for quantitative detection of ETX in inactivated commercial vaccines against enterotoxemia."
3.	EndotoxinsIBA 01/01/1974 - "V. Studies on the pathomorphology of the central nervous system in spontaneous coli enterotoxemia and the experimental coli endotoxin syndrome]." 01/01/1972 - "[Studies on pathology and pathogenesis of spontaneous coli enterotoxemia and experimental coli endotoxin syndrome in pigs. " 03/01/1974 - "VI. Pathomorphology of lung, liver, kidney, in spontaneous coli enterotoxemia and experimental coli endotoxin syndrome]." 03/01/1974 - "[Comparative study on the pathology and pathogenesis of the spontaneous coli enterotoxemia and the experimental coli endotoxin syndrome in swine. " 01/01/1974 - "[Comparative studies on the pathology and pathogenesis of spontaneous coli enterotoxemia and experimental coli endotoxin syndrome in swine. "
4.	Virulence Factors (Pathogenicity Factors)IBA 01/30/2014 - "However, other potential virulence factors also may play a role in the pathogenesis of bovine enterotoxemia. " 08/01/2005 - "Epsilon-toxin, the primary virulence factor of Clostridium perfringens type D, causes mortality in livestock, particularly sheep and goats, in which it induces an often-fatal enterotoxemia. " 01/01/2022 - "Clostridium perfringens produces core virulence factors that are responsible for causing hemorrhagic abomasitis and enterotoxemia making food, animals, and humans susceptible to its infection. " 12/01/2016 - "Beta-toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens is a key virulence factor of fatal hemorrhagic enterocolitis and enterotoxemia. " 01/01/2010 - "PFO does not seem to play a direct role as the main virulence factor for animal diseases, but it may have a synergistic role with CPA-mediated gangrene and ETX-mediated enterotoxemia. "
5.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 02/01/1994 - "[The effect of antibiotics on the development of enterotoxemia-- experimental study]." 01/01/2018 - "This toxin causes antibiotic-associated enterotoxemia in lambs and calves. " 06/01/2005 - "After 7 days of antibiotic treatment, two of the experimental animals died due to Clostridium difficile-associated enterotoxemia. " 10/01/1987 - "Cecal cultures of dead animals confirmed the presence of Clostridium difficile, an organism associated with antibiotic-induced enterotoxemia. " 01/01/2020 - "Furthermore, antibiotic use may be contraindicated as it can affect tumor growth and is associated with Clostridioides difficile enterotoxemia in highly immunocompromised murine strains. "
6.	Glutamic Acid (Glutamate)FDA Link 12/01/2011 - "ETX is able to pass through the blood-brain barrier and stimulate the release of glutamate, which accounts for the symptoms of nervous excitation observed in animal enterotoxemia. " 04/06/2016 - "In this study, a novel and stable epsilon toxin mutant rETX(Y196E)-C, obtained by substituting the 196th tyrosine (Y196) with glutamic acid (E) and introducing of 23 amino acids long C-terminal peptide, was determined as a promising recombinant vaccine candidate against enterotoxemia. "
7.	Clostridium perfringens theta-toxinIBA 01/30/2014 - "Strains originating from bovine enterotoxemia cases produced variable levels of alpha toxin and perfringolysin O that were not significantly different from levels produced by strains isolated from healthy calves and other animal species. " 01/01/2011 - "Clostridium perfringens type B and D strains cause enterotoxemias and enteritis in livestock after proliferating in the intestines and producing epsilon-toxin (ETX), alpha-toxin (CPA), and, usually, perfringolysin O (PFO). " 01/30/2014 - "Clostridium perfringens strains from bovine enterotoxemia cases are not superior in in vitro production of alpha toxin, perfringolysin O and proteolytic enzymes." 01/30/2014 - "Bovine enterotoxemia strains do not produce higher levels of alpha toxin, perfringolysin O, mucinase and collagenase, as compared to strains derived from healthy calves and other animal species in vitro." 01/30/2014 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate whether strains originating from bovine enterotoxemia cases were superior in in vitro production of virulence factors (alpha toxin, perfringolysin O, mucinase, collagenase) that are potentially involved in enterotoxemia. "
8.	Collagenases (Collagenase)FDA Link 01/30/2014 - "A high variability in collagenase activity between strains could be observed, and no higher collagenase levels were produced in vitro by strains isolated from enterotoxemia cases. " 01/30/2014 - "Bovine enterotoxemia strains do not produce higher levels of alpha toxin, perfringolysin O, mucinase and collagenase, as compared to strains derived from healthy calves and other animal species in vitro." 01/30/2014 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate whether strains originating from bovine enterotoxemia cases were superior in in vitro production of virulence factors (alpha toxin, perfringolysin O, mucinase, collagenase) that are potentially involved in enterotoxemia. "
9.	Tyrosine (L-Tyrosine)FDA Link 04/06/2016 - "In this study, a novel and stable epsilon toxin mutant rETX(Y196E)-C, obtained by substituting the 196th tyrosine (Y196) with glutamic acid (E) and introducing of 23 amino acids long C-terminal peptide, was determined as a promising recombinant vaccine candidate against enterotoxemia. "
10.	Peptides (Polypeptides)IBA 04/06/2016 - "In this study, a novel and stable epsilon toxin mutant rETX(Y196E)-C, obtained by substituting the 196th tyrosine (Y196) with glutamic acid (E) and introducing of 23 amino acids long C-terminal peptide, was determined as a promising recombinant vaccine candidate against enterotoxemia. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 09/01/2021 - "Antimicrobial therapy must be carefully considered in the route of administration and the likely risk of enterotoxemia development. " 01/01/2019 - "Therefore, the development of potential therapeutics against CPE action during enterotoxemia is warranted. "
2.	Tooth Extraction (Tooth Extractions) 01/01/1979 - "[Transient enterotoxemia following tooth extraction: observations on the Limulus test]."