Encephalomalacia

Softening or loss of brain tissue following CEREBRAL INFARCTION; cerebral ischemia (see BRAIN ISCHEMIA), infection, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, or other injury. The term is often used during gross pathologic inspection to describe blurred cortical margins and decreased consistency of brain tissue following infarction. Multicystic encephalomalacia refers to the formation of multiple cystic cavities of various sizes in the cerebral cortex of neonates and infants following injury, most notably perinatal hypoxia-ischemic events. (From Davis et al., Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p665; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1995 Mar;54(2):268-75)

Also Known As:

Networked: 139 relevant articles (3 outcomes, 7 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Epilepsy (Aura)
2.	Muscular Dystrophies (Muscular Dystrophy)
3.	Atrophy
4.	Thrombosis (Thrombus)
5.	Hemorrhage

Experts

1.	Abildskov, Tracy J: 2 articles (10/2016 - 07/2013)
2.	Bigler, Erin D: 2 articles (10/2016 - 07/2013)
3.	Dennis, Maureen: 2 articles (10/2016 - 07/2013)
4.	Gerhardt, Cynthia A: 2 articles (10/2016 - 07/2013)
5.	Stancin, Terry: 2 articles (10/2016 - 07/2013)
6.	Taylor, H Gerry: 2 articles (10/2016 - 07/2013)
7.	Vannatta, Kathryn: 2 articles (10/2016 - 07/2013)
8.	Chu, Zhaohu: 1 article (01/2022)
9.	Huang, Xianjun: 1 article (01/2022)
10.	Ji, Yachen: 1 article (01/2022)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Encephalomalacia:

1.	Vitamin EFDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1984 - "Prevention of nutritional encephalomalacia (NE) and chick liver-storage and plasma-storage assays of vitamin E were the methods used in the study. " 07/01/1998 - "A diagnosis of vitamin E-associated encephalomalacia was made based on clinical signs, gross and histological lesions, and liver vitamin E levels." 10/01/1995 - "Nutritional encephalomalacia (NE) in broiler chicken is considered as a peroxidative dysfunction caused by vitamin E-deficient diets. " 10/01/1993 - "An increase in the vitamin E level in the liver and plasma, and the prevention of nutritional encephalomalacia (NE) were used as criteria for biopotency. " 01/01/1982 - "Feeding chicks vitamin E for the first week delayed the development of encephalomalacia but did not prevent it. "
2.	AntioxidantsIBA 06/01/1980 - "Comparative efficacy of some vitamin E preparations and other anti-oxidants in control and treatment of experimentally produced encephalomalacia in chicks." 03/01/1967 - "Production of testicular degeneration in the antioxidant-deficient rat resembles encephalomalacia in the chick in its dependence on essential (omega6) fatty acids and is distinct from the generalized response to all polyunsaturated fatty acids seen in nutritional muscular dystrophy in the rat. " 03/01/1967 - "The nonessential (omega3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, however, lower the essential fatty acid content of the testicular lipids only slightly, are not themselves incorporated into this tissue to any appreciable degree and thus do not show the inhibitory effect on production of the antioxidant-deficiency sign noted in the studies on encephalomalacia. " 01/01/1977 - "Preventive effect of selenium, methionine and antioxidants against encephalomalacia of chicks induced by dilauryl succinate." 01/01/1977 - "The protective effect of supplemental selenium, methionine, ascorbic acid, menaquinone and five antioxidants against encephalomalacia of chicks fed a diet containing dilauryl succinate was examined. "
3.	Linoleic Acid (Linoleate)IBA 04/01/2000 - "Vitamin E deficiency and linoleic acid-feeding lead to nutritional encephalomalacia (NE) in chicks, affecting the cerebellum exclusively. " 04/01/1960 - "Linoleic acid as causative agent of encephalomalacia in chickens fed oxidized fats." 04/01/1966 - "Influence of the level of dietary linoleic acid on the amount of d-alpha-tocopherol acetate required for protection against encephalomalacia." 01/01/1980 - "A supply of linoleic acid, as fatty acid methyl esters prepared from safflower oil (Carthamus tinctorius), caused a high incidence of encephalomalacia. "
4.	alpha-TocopherolFDA Link 04/01/1966 - "Influence of the level of dietary linoleic acid on the amount of d-alpha-tocopherol acetate required for protection against encephalomalacia." 01/01/1977 - "Supplementation of selenium and methionine with or without simultaneous supplementation of a low level of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate had little effect on preventing encephalomalacia. "
5.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 10/01/2005 - "For males with elevated serum prolactin even when associated with focal encephalomalacia and seizure disorder, bromocriptine therapy can offer safe benefits including improved semen parameters and normal serum testosterone levels."
6.	ProlactinIBA 10/01/2005 - "For males with elevated serum prolactin even when associated with focal encephalomalacia and seizure disorder, bromocriptine therapy can offer safe benefits including improved semen parameters and normal serum testosterone levels."
7.	Bromocriptine (Parlodel)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2005 - "To describe successful oral bromocriptine therapy for hyperprolactinemia accompanied by seizure disorder and encephalomalacia identified during infertility evaluation. " 10/01/2005 - "Hyperprolactinemia presenting with encephalomalacia-associated seizure disorder and infertility: a novel application for bromocriptine therapy in reproductive endocrinology." 10/01/2005 - "For males with elevated serum prolactin even when associated with focal encephalomalacia and seizure disorder, bromocriptine therapy can offer safe benefits including improved semen parameters and normal serum testosterone levels."
8.	Acetates (Acetic Acid Esters)FDA Link 04/01/1966 - "Influence of the level of dietary linoleic acid on the amount of d-alpha-tocopherol acetate required for protection against encephalomalacia."
9.	LipidsIBA 01/01/1963 - "[THE BEHAVIOR OF LIPIDS IN ANEMIC CEREBROMALACIA]." 10/01/1959 - "Lipid factors in the production of encephalomalacia in the chick." 06/01/2001 - "Studies on the different effects of saturated and oxidized lipids in the production of encephalomalacia in chicks and muscular dystrophy in rats are reviewed. " 03/01/1967 - "The nonessential (omega3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, however, lower the essential fatty acid content of the testicular lipids only slightly, are not themselves incorporated into this tissue to any appreciable degree and thus do not show the inhibitory effect on production of the antioxidant-deficiency sign noted in the studies on encephalomalacia. "
10.	Fatty Acids (Saturated Fatty Acids)IBA 09/01/1979 - "Protective effect of omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acids in chick nutritional encephalomalacia." 11/01/1959 - "Effect of fatty acids on chick encephalomalacia." 03/01/1967 - "Production of testicular degeneration in the antioxidant-deficient rat resembles encephalomalacia in the chick in its dependence on essential (omega6) fatty acids and is distinct from the generalized response to all polyunsaturated fatty acids seen in nutritional muscular dystrophy in the rat. " 03/01/1967 - "The nonessential (omega3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, however, lower the essential fatty acid content of the testicular lipids only slightly, are not themselves incorporated into this tissue to any appreciable degree and thus do not show the inhibitory effect on production of the antioxidant-deficiency sign noted in the studies on encephalomalacia. " 10/01/1995 - "The influence of dietary fatty acids and vitamin E on plasma prostanoids and liver microsomal alkane production in broiler chickens with regard to nutritional encephalomalacia."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2022 - "Patients with seizure onset in adults (>18 years old), unilateral IEDs, or unilateral encephalomalacia on MRI were found to have better seizure outcomes after VNS therapy." 01/23/2012 - "After 6 weeks of therapy, neuroimaging follow-up showed multiloculated cystic encephalomalacia. " 01/01/2022 - "The results demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of VNS therapy in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia. " 01/01/2022 - "A total of 93 patients with epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia who underwent VNS therapy were recruited. " 05/01/1989 - "After therapy, in 2 cases CT scans showed small areas of encephalomalacia replacing the abscesses. "
2.	Length of Stay 10/01/2016 - "Specifically, the study explored the relation of cortical thickness to injury severity as measured by Glasgow Coma Scale score and length of stay, along with presence of encephalomalacia, focal white matter lesions or presence of hemosiderin deposition as a marker of shear injury. "
3.	Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt 12/01/2007 - "The epileptogenic lesion was a left frontal encephalomalacia along the ventriculo-peritoneal shunt tract. " 05/01/2016 - "Flap pressure increased in 15 cases, including 6 cases of hydrocephalus, 5 cases of contralateral subdural effusion, 2 cases of subdural effusion bone window, 2 cases of bone window cystic encephalomalacia communicating with the ventricle; Flap pressure decreased in 10 cases, including 6 cases of hydrocephalus after ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and 4 cases of low intracranial pressure. "
4.	Vagus Nerve Stimulation 01/01/2022 - "Vagus nerve stimulation for pharmacoresistant epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia: A single-center retrospective study."
5.	Laser Therapy (Surgery, Laser) 07/10/2023 - "The area of the hypointense core on DWI acquired immediately after the laser ablation statistically correlated better with the final area of encephalomalacia, while the T2WI, hyperintense oedema, DWI rim and T1WI rim of enhancement tended to overestimate the encephalomalacic damage. "