Japanese Encephalitis

A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)

Also Known As:

Encephalitis, Japanese; Japanese B Encephalitis; Japanese B Viral Encephalitis; Viral Encephalitis, Japanese B; Encephalitis, Japanese B

Networked: 1058 relevant articles (49 outcomes, 112 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Dengue (Dengue Fever)
2.	Yellow Fever
3.	Infections
4.	Filarial Elephantiasis (Lymphatic Filariasis)
5.	Hepatitis A (Hepatitis, Infectious)

Experts

1.	Yoksan, Sutee: 23 articles (12/2022 - 01/2002)
2.	Basu, Anirban: 21 articles (01/2022 - 02/2007)
3.	Konishi, Eiji: 18 articles (01/2018 - 11/2002)
4.	Fischer, Marc: 14 articles (01/2022 - 10/2010)
5.	Bouckenooghe, Alain: 14 articles (01/2019 - 12/2010)
6.	Solomon, Tom: 14 articles (01/2019 - 07/2002)
7.	Feroldi, Emmanuel: 13 articles (01/2019 - 11/2010)
8.	Monath, Thomas P: 12 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
9.	Hills, Susan L: 11 articles (01/2022 - 07/2007)
10.	Guirakhoo, Farshad: 11 articles (07/2010 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Japanese Encephalitis:

1.	VaccinesIBA 01/01/2020 - "The incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) has been dramatically reduced in China after sufficient vaccine coverage. " 08/01/2013 - "Since a safe and effective vaccine against Japanese encephalitis is now available, outdated guidelines and recommendations have to be revised: travelers to rural areas of Asia should generally be recommended vaccination." 05/29/2013 - "Since a safe and effective vaccine against Japanese encephalitis is now available, outdated guidelines and recommendations have to be revised: travelers to rural areas of Asia should generally be recommended vaccination." 09/01/2005 - "Recent progress in molecular biology has raised hope for the discovery of a genetically engineered vaccine to improve overall protection against Japanese encephalitis." 01/01/2000 - "Japanese encephalitis (JE), once a major public health problem in South Korea, has declined since the 1980s, as a result of improved living conditions, a mosquito eradication program, and a national JE vaccination program, which includes annual booster vaccine for all children less than or equal to 15 years of age. "
2.	Attenuated VaccinesIBA 11/23/2010 - "Immunogenicity, safety and tolerability in adults of a new single-dose, live-attenuated vaccine against Japanese encephalitis: Randomised controlled phase 3 trials." 06/23/2010 - "This study aimed to evaluate the cost and effectiveness of introducing a live, attenuated vaccine (SA 14-14-2) against Japanese encephalitis (JE) into the immunization program. " 07/01/2019 - "Evaluation of environment safety of a Japanese encephalitis live attenuated vaccine." 09/01/2018 - "Effectiveness of Japanese encephalitis SA 14-14-2 live attenuated vaccine among Indian children: Retrospective 1:4 matched case-control study." 01/01/2017 - "The molecular determinants governing the immunogenicity of Japanese encephalitis live attenuated vaccines."
3.	Immunoglobulin M (IgM)IBA 01/01/1985 - "Detection of IgM anti-JE activity by the antibody-capture immunoassay is superior to the HI method for establishing a diagnosis of acute Japanese encephalitis using dried blood specimens." 07/15/2006 - "Of the 223 children tested, 77 had positive results for Japanese encephalitis immunoglobulin M. " 01/01/1985 - "Improved surveillance of Japanese encephalitis by detection of virus-specific IgM in desiccated blood specimens." 01/01/2008 - "The present study was carried out between July 2003 and December 2005 in PGIMER, Chandigarh, India and aimed to compare IgM capture ELISA and nested RT-PCR for the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis (JE). " 09/01/2020 - "She tested positive for Japanese B encephalitis-IgM. "
4.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 07/01/2018 - "Since the DNA barcoding of Culex vectors of Japanese encephalitis is scarcely explored, here we evaluated the efficacy of this tool to identify and analyze the variations among five overlooked Culex vectors of Japanese encephalitis, Culex fuscocephala, Culex gelidus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex pseudovishnui and Culex vishnui, relying to the analysis of mitochondrial CO1 gene. " 01/26/2023 - "Species Identification of the Major Japanese Encephalitis Vectors within the Culex vishnui Subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand Using Geometric Morphometrics and DNA Barcoding." 07/01/2018 - "DNA barcoding of five Japanese encephalitis mosquito vectors (Culex fuscocephala, Culex gelidus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex pseudovishnui and Culex vishnui)." 12/04/2001 - "Using a highly unstable representative infectious clone of Japanese encephalitis (JE) flavivirus, we tested a new approach in design of such problematic 'infectious DNA' constructs, which is based on minimizing unwanted transcription in the bacterial host. " 03/15/2001 - "To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, a highly unstable Japanese encephalitis flavivirus infectious clone has been successfully converted into a remarkably stable infectious DNA construct with the specific infectivity of 10(6) pfu/microg in cell culture. "
5.	Neutralizing AntibodiesIBA 07/01/2010 - "During a survey, we found that 21 (21%) of 102 children aged 1-5 years, who had no history of Japanese encephalitis vaccination and were without detectable neutralizing antibodies, showed positive results with this ELISA system. " 04/01/2001 - "The plaque reduction neutralization test is the gold standard for detecting and quantifying Japanese encephalitis neutralizing antibodies. " 11/01/2003 - "Seroepidemiology study of Japanese encephalitis neutralizing antibodies in southern Taiwan: a comparative study between urban city and country townships." 04/25/2023 - "[Neutralizing antibody titer after recommended early vaccination against Japanese encephalitis]." 11/01/2020 - "Neutralizing antibody rather than cellular immune response is maintained for nearly 20 years among Japanese encephalitis SA14-14-2 vaccinees in an endemic setting."
6.	InsecticidesIBA 06/01/2016 - "The aim of the present study was to investigate levels of resistance to 5 insecticides among 12 strains of Culex tritaeniorhynchus, a major vector of Japanese encephalitis in China. " 06/01/2014 - "The findings of this study established a baseline of insecticide susceptibility and revealed the effects of agricultural insecticide pressure on the vectors of Japanese encephalitis in Malaysia. " 02/01/2000 - "Laboratory studies were carried out to ascertain the current susceptibility status of adult and larval stages of the Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito, vector of Japanese encephalitis, to various insecticides used under public health programs in India. " 03/22/2018 - "Emergence and spread of resistance among vectors toward different insecticides is a serious problem for the Japanese encephalitis (JE) control program. " 03/22/2018 - "The Status of Susceptibility of Japanese Encephalitis Vectors to Insecticides in Endemic Areas of Northern Districts of West Bengal, India."
7.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 03/08/2003 - "Results from in-vitro studies and work in animals have shown inteferon alfa has antiviral activity on Japanese encephalitis and other flaviviruses; therefore, we aimed to assess the efficacy of inteferon alfa-2a in Japanese encephalitis. " 04/01/2022 - "Antiviral drug research for Japanese encephalitis: an updated review." 10/01/2021 - "There are no specific antiviral drugs for Japanese encephalitis. " 09/07/2020 - "The antiviral activity also observed in the treatment against Japanese encephalitis reporter virus (RP9-GFP strain). " 02/01/2018 - "MCPIP1 possesses antiviral activities against several viruses, such as Japanese encephalitis. "
8.	AntigensIBA 01/01/2015 - "Positive samples obtained in birds were next retested with virus microneutralisation test to confirm positive results and cross-reactions with other antigens of the Japanese encephalitis complex. " 04/01/1985 - "The study of the dynamics of fluorescence intensity permitted the objective evaluation of the previously revealed regularity in the increase of the intensity of the induced fluorescence of Japanese encephalitis antigen in continuous cell cultures." 10/01/2007 - "Antigens for Japanese encephalitis and the four dengue virus serotypes have been developed from COS-1 transformed cells that secrete non-infectious, virus-like particles into the cell culture supernatant. " 07/01/2005 - "Isolation of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus using C6/36 cell and immunofluorescence virus antigen detection techniques was attempted from female mosquitoes collected with CDC gravid traps in Samut Songkhram Province in the central region and in Phuket Province in southern Thailand, in 2003. " 03/01/2003 - "In addition, ELISA using recombinant antigens showed no cross-reactivity against serum from Japanese encephalitis (JE) patients, despite the cross-reactivity shown by commercial ELISA systems. "
9.	ChimeriVaxIBA 12/01/2001 - "The "Chimerivax" platform has been used to construct chimeric Japanese encephalitis and dengue viruses that are in different phases of development. " 11/01/2004 - "ChimeriVax-Japanese encephalitis (JE), the first live- attenuated vaccine developed with this technology has successfully undergone phase I and II clinical trials. " 12/01/2013 - "Japanese B Encephalitis: An Overview of the Disease and Use of Chimerivax-JE as a Preventative Vaccine." 05/01/2005 - "Cutaneous delivery of a live, attenuated chimeric flavivirus vaccine against Japanese encephalitis (ChimeriVax)-JE) in non-human primates." 01/15/2002 - "A ChimeriVax vaccine was developed against Japanese encephalitis (JE). "
10.	Inactivated VaccinesIBA 09/08/1988 - "Protection against Japanese encephalitis by inactivated vaccines." 08/01/2013 - "IXIARO updated: overview of clinical trials and developments with the inactivated vaccine against Japanese encephalitis." 05/29/2013 - "IXIARO® updated: overview of clinical trials and developments with the inactivated vaccine against Japanese encephalitis." 04/01/2010 - "An inactivated vaccine targeting the virus responsible for Japanese encephalitis (strain SA14-14-2) has been authorised for use in the European Union. " 04/01/2010 - "[Long-term seroprotection against Japanese encephalitis using an inactivated vaccine (Jevax)]."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Perinatal Care 01/01/2023 - "These findings indicate an opportunity for reducing the burden of pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy in our region by instituting preventive measures, including improved perinatal care, promotion of institutional deliveries, optimized obstetric and neonatal care, and immunization for vaccine-preventable infections such as bacterial meningitis and Japanese B encephalitis."
2.	Therapeutics 01/01/2018 - "Few mechanistic studies have been conducted in humans, and only four clinical trials of therapies for Japanese encephalitis have taken place in the past 10 years despite an estimated incidence of 69,000 cases per year. " 10/01/2022 - "Rehabilitative Approach Toward a Japanese Encephalitis Patient via Therapy Ball: A Case Report." 04/20/1963 - "[Diagnosis and therapy of Japanese encephalitis]." 01/01/1963 - "Prophylactic therapy of Japanese encephalitis passive immunization combined with CO2 inhalation." 01/01/2009 - "The need for developing innovative approaches to etiotropic therapy for West Nile fever and Japanese encephalitis is emphasized; these approaches should be based on the comprehensive insight and extensive studies of the pathogenesis of flaviviral infections."
3.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 11/28/2007 - "The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) protective antibody in HIV-infected children with immune recovery after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and evaluate response to JE revaccination. " 11/28/2007 - "Japanese encephalitis vaccination in HIV-infected children with immune recovery after highly active antiretroviral therapy."
4.	Length of Stay 10/02/2017 - "The median length of hospital stay in the Japanese encephalitis study was similar for IVIG-treated (median 13 days; range 9 to 21) and placebo-treated (median 12 days; range 6 to 18) children (P = 0.59).Pooled analysis of the results of the other two studies resulted in a significantly lower mean length of hospital stay (MD -4.54 days, 95% CI -7.47 to -1.61; P = 0.002), time to resolution of fever (MD -0.97 days, 95% CI -1.25 to -0.69; P < 0.00001), time to stop spasms (MD -1.49 days, 95% CI -1.97 to -1.01; P < 0.00001), time to regain consciousness (MD -1.10 days, 95% CI -1.48 to -0.72; P < 0.00001), and time to resolution of neuropathic symptoms (MD -3.20 days, 95% CI -3.34 to -3.06; P < 0.00001) in favour of IVIG when compared with standard care.None"
5.	Injections 09/01/2014 - "Japanese encephalitis, rotavirus, rubella and injectable polio vaccine: Four new tools in the immunization programme of India." 01/01/2004 - "There is no licensed vaccine against dengue fever and current vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and Japanese encephalitis are expensive and require several injections. " 04/01/2015 - "The recent changes concern the schedule of injections: primovaccination DTCaPolio of children and boosters for adults, accelerated schedule of Japanese encephalitis and hepatitis B immunization, preexposure rabies immunization and vaccination against yellow fever; and the indications of poliomyelitis vaccine, immunization of children against Japanese encephalitis and conjugated vaccines against meningococcal meningitis."