Elephantiasis

Hypertrophy and thickening of tissues from causes other than filarial infection, the latter being described as ELEPHANTIASIS, FILARIAL.

Also Known As:

Bigfoot Disease; Elephantiasis Nostras Verrucosa; Endemic Elephantiasis; Endemic Non-Filarial Elephantiasis; Lymphostatic Verrucosis; Microcrystal Disease; Mossy foot; Podoconiosis; Bigfoot Diseases; Disease, Bigfoot; Disease, Microcrystal; Diseases, Bigfoot; Diseases, Microcrystal; Elephantiases; Elephantiases, Endemic; Elephantiases, Endemic Non-Filarial; Elephantiasis Nostras Verrucosas; Elephantiasis, Endemic; Elephantiasis, Endemic Non-Filarial; Endemic Elephantiases; Endemic Non Filarial Elephantiasis; Endemic Non-Filarial Elephantiases; Lymphostatic Verrucoses; Microcrystal Diseases; Mossy foots; Non-Filarial Elephantiases, Endemic; Non-Filarial Elephantiasis, Endemic; Nostras Verrucosa, Elephantiasis; Nostras Verrucosas, Elephantiasis; Podoconioses; Verrucosa, Elephantiasis Nostras; Verrucosas, Elephantiasis Nostras; Verrucoses, Lymphostatic; Verrucosis, Lymphostatic; foot, Mossy; foots, Mossy

Networked: 291 relevant articles (12 outcomes, 15 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases: 6
- Lymphatic Diseases: 92
  - Lymphedema: 3501
    - Elephantiasis: 291

Related Diseases

1.	Ocular Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)
2.	Coinfection
3.	Filarial Elephantiasis (Lymphatic Filariasis)
4.	Lymphedema (Milroy Disease)
5.	Neoplasms (Cancer)

Experts

1.	Davey, Gail: 33 articles (01/2021 - 10/2003)
2.	Newport, Melanie J: 10 articles (01/2021 - 12/2007)
3.	Deribe, Kebede: 8 articles (07/2021 - 07/2013)
4.	Tamiru, Abreham: 7 articles (10/2019 - 01/2012)
5.	Tsegay, Girmay: 4 articles (07/2018 - 03/2014)
6.	Wanji, Samuel: 3 articles (07/2021 - 10/2015)
7.	Aseffa, Abraham: 3 articles (01/2021 - 03/2012)
8.	Tekola-Ayele, Fasil: 3 articles (01/2021 - 03/2014)
9.	Bayisenge, Ursin: 3 articles (12/2020 - 01/2019)
10.	Nutman, Thomas B: 3 articles (03/2020 - 02/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Elephantiasis:

1.	coumarinIBA 10/23/1993 - "To study efficacy of treatment of filarial lymphoedema and elephantiasis with 5,6-benzo-alpha-pyrone. " 06/01/1996 - "2. Coumarin itself (1,2-benzopyrone) has long-established efficacy in slow-onset long-term reduction of lymphoedema in man, as confirmed in recent double-blind trials against elephantiasis and postmastectomy swelling of the arm. " 06/01/1993 - "Chronic filaritic lymphoedema and elephantiasis, in India, were treated orally with 5,6 benzo-alpha-pyrone (56 BaP; 1,2 benzo-alpha-pyrone; coumarin) in a double-blind, randomized, matched-group trial. " 10/23/1993 - "5,6-benzo-alpha-pyrone reduces the oedema and many symptoms of filarial lymphoedema and elephantiasis. " 10/23/1993 - "Treatment of filarial lymphoedema and elephantiasis with 5,6-benzo-alpha-pyrone (coumarin)."
2.	VaccinesIBA 08/12/2013 - "In this study, we evaluated the role of basophils in vaccine-mediated protection against filariae, tissue-invasive parasitic nematodes responsible for diseases such as elephantiasis and river blindness. "
3.	Ivermectin (Mectizan)FDA Link 05/01/2008 - "The lymphoedema/elephantiasis prevalence declined only marginally and without statistical significance from 3.7% to 3.2%, 4.6% to 3.9% and 2.9% to 2.3% in the DEC, ivermectin and placebo arm. " 10/24/2007 - "Albendazole plus ivermectin significantly reduced prevalence of elephantiasis (12.6% to 4.6%), hookworm (7.8% to 0%), roundworm (33.5% to 6.1%), and whipworm (42.7% to 8.9%). " 01/01/2021 - "Ivermectin is a macrolide antiparasitic drug with a 16-membered ring that is widely used for the treatment of many parasitic diseases such as river blindness, elephantiasis and scabies. "
4.	IronIBA 03/26/2018 - "Although deworming and iron-rich nutrient supplementation have been suggested in podoconiosis patients living under resource-poor conditions, and it is thought that hookworm infection may help to suppress inflammatory responses, the undisputed link that exists between a non-infectious and an infectious disease may create a scenario whereby during a co-infection, treatment of one exacerbates the other disease condition or is dampened by the debilitation caused by the other. " 08/01/2017 - "Soil iron and aluminium concentrations and feet hygiene as possible predictors of Podoconiosis occurrence in Kenya."
5.	HLA-DR Antigens (HLA-DR)IBA 07/01/1989 - "There was, however, a significantly greater proportion (P less than 0.01) of 'activated' cytotoxic/suppressor lymphocytes (defined by co-expression of CD8 and HLA-DR) in patients with elephantiasis (16.4 +/- 8.6%) than in the MF (8.9 +/- 2.6%) or NV (8.3 +/- 2.9%) groups. " 12/01/1997 - "We could not confirm our earlier results and therefore concluded that HLA-DR and -DQ alleles are at least not strongly associated with progression to elephantiasis in Brugian filariasis. "
6.	MacrolidesIBA 01/01/2021 - "Ivermectin is a macrolide antiparasitic drug with a 16-membered ring that is widely used for the treatment of many parasitic diseases such as river blindness, elephantiasis and scabies. "
7.	InterferonsIBA 06/01/1995 - "Production of interferon (IFN)-gamma by BmA-stimulated mononuclear cells increased significantly after DEC treatment (geometric mean, 39.6-55.7 U/mL; P < .05), largely due to improved responses in elephantiasis patients and asymptomatic amicrofilaremics. "
8.	Hemoglobins (Hemoglobin)IBA 01/01/2013 - "A significant reduction in hemoglobin level was observed among podoconiosis patients co-infected with hookworm and 'non-hookworm STH'. " 01/01/2013 - "There was a significant interaction between STH infection and podoconiosis on reduction of hemoglobin level (interaction p value = 0.002). " 01/01/2013 - "We explored the overlap of STH infection and podoconiosis in Southern Ethiopia and quantified their separate and combined effects on prevalent anemia and hemoglobin levels in podoconiosis patients and health controls from the same area. "
9.	DiureticsIBA 11/01/1997 - "Dramatic improvement in acquired elephantiasis with a diuretic."
10.	Antiparasitic Agents (Antiparasitics)IBA 01/01/2021 - "Ivermectin is a macrolide antiparasitic drug with a 16-membered ring that is widely used for the treatment of many parasitic diseases such as river blindness, elephantiasis and scabies. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 06/01/1995 - "T cell proliferative responses to BmA improved significantly after therapy in the 3 clinical groups (P < .05) but was highest in the elephantiasis patients and asymptomatic amicrofilareimics. " 10/13/2023 - "Elephantiasis verrucous lesions on psoriatic plaque improved with anti-IL-23p19 antibody therapy." 09/01/2015 - "Preventive or symptomatic therapy is the basis for treating elephantiasis. " 11/01/2012 - "Early aetiological diagnosis is of paramount importance so that development of genital elephantiasis can be prevented; otherwise it is not completely reversible with medical therapy and often requires surgical intervention. " 03/01/2006 - "Genital elephantiasis is not completely reversible with medical therapy alone and often needs to be reduced surgically."
2.	Skin Transplantation (Skin Grafting) 11/13/2016 - "This case demonstrates the efficacy of excision with full-thickness skin grafting of the penis, scrotum, and perineal area in a patient with elephantiasis nostras verrucosa confined to the scrotum and perineal region." 05/01/1976 - "From 1960 to date, there have been four cases of elephantiasis penis in the urologic clinic of the Katharinenhospital in Stuttgart, which were operated on by skin transplantation. " 01/01/1964 - "[SKIN TRANSPLANTATION FOR ELEPHANTIASIS OF THE LOWER LIMBS]." 10/01/1951 - "[Elephantiasis of the lower extremities; treatment by dermofibrolipectomy followed by free skin grafting]." 12/01/1946 - "A case of elephantiasis treated by primary skin-grafting."
3.	Massage (Zone Therapy) 12/17/2020 - "The management of lymphatic filariasis (LF) and podoconiosis-related lymphedema involves daily hygiene to reduce secondary infections, but self-massage and deep-breathing, which have proven beneficial in cancer-related lymphedema, are not included. "
4.	Transplantation 01/01/1969 - "[Study of the skin in elephantiasis for the determination of its suitability for transplantation]." 02/01/2014 - "Double autologous lymph node transplantation (ALNT) at the level of the knee and inguinal region for advanced lymphoedema of the lower limb (elephantiasis)." 06/01/2006 - "From 1988 to 2005, 8 men who presented with penoscrotal elephantiasis underwent penile shaft degloving and reduction scrotoplasty, followed by transplantation of a split-thickness skin graft (STSG) to the penile shaft. " 01/01/1977 - "Only the lymphovenous shunts or lymphadenovenous shunts may be indicated in stage II. In the irreversible lymphoedema (stage III) and in the elephantiasis (stage IV) the following operations have been developed: ligature of ectatic lymphtrunks, peripheral lymphovenous and lymphadenovenous shunts, skin-flap transplantations, free or pediculated transplantation of the greater omentum, lymphangioplastic operations (Thompson-operation) or excisional operations (Servelle-operation). "
5.	Surgical Amputation (Amputations) 04/01/2008 - "In cases of irreversible penoscrotal elephantiasis, excision and amputation of the affected penoscrotal areas are recommended to eliminate the functional disturbances. " 01/01/1954 - "[Explication of the pathogenesis of elephantiasis after amputation of the mamma]." 05/01/1886 - "Elephantiasis of the Hand-Amputation-Recovery." 06/01/1882 - "One Hundred and Thirty-Eight Cases of Amputation of the Scrotum for Elephantiasis Arabum." 02/02/1874 - "Elephantiasis of Scrotum and Penis-Amputation."