Drowning

1.	Azparren, J E: 3 articles (05/2007 - 01/2000)
2.	Vallejo, G: 2 articles (05/2007 - 10/2003)
3.	Zhu, Bao-Li: 2 articles (03/2003 - 03/2002)
4.	Ishida, Kaori: 2 articles (03/2003 - 03/2002)
5.	Taniguchi, Mari: 2 articles (03/2003 - 03/2002)
6.	Quan, Li: 2 articles (03/2003 - 03/2002)
7.	Fujita, Masaki Q: 2 articles (03/2003 - 03/2002)
8.	Maeda, Hitoshi: 2 articles (03/2003 - 03/2002)
9.	Luna, A: 1 article (09/2008)
10.	Vizcaya, M A: 1 article (09/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Drowning:

1.	SodiumIBA 04/01/2006 - "In addition, the mean sodium level of 117 mmol/L in freshwater drowning was significantly lower than the standard range of 137-145 mmol/L" 04/01/2006 - "Left ventricular sodium levels differed significantly between the two groups (p<0.001), with a range of 93-147 mmol/L in freshwater drowning (mean=117+/-14.2 mmol/L) and 123-183 in saltwater drowning (mean=153+/-14.4 mmol/L)" 04/01/2006 - "Measurements of left ventricular sodium levels were performed in 74 consecutive coronial cases where death was attributed to drowning, consisting of 44 and 30 deceased who were believed to be victims of freshwater and saltwater drowning, respectively" 06/23/2000 - "Drowning-out crystallisation of sodium sulphate using aqueous two-phase systems." 04/01/1974 - "Diagnostic significance of the changes of sodium content of blood in fresh water drowning]" Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 04/07/2008 - "Plankton DNA was identified from lung, liver, kidney, blood and brain of the drowned victims, and the DGGE patterns were helpful in indicating the site of drowning" 09/01/2003 - "The diagnosis of the death caused by drowning was possible by detection of the DNA fragments of aquatic plants from the organ of victims" Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	IonsIBA 03/01/2005 - "The concentrations of sodium and chloride ions in the pleural effusion of rats that drowned in seawater were significantly greater than those of rats that drowned in freshwater at both 1 day and 3 days after drowning" 03/01/2005 - "The concentration of potassium ions in pleural effusion 1 day after drowning showed no difference between each group, although it then increased from 1 to 3 days after seawater drowning, whereas it decreased from 1 to 3 days after freshwater drowning" Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	PercollIBA 01/01/2003 - "By using Percoll, plankton was easily isolated from human tissue or blood samples and good results of PCR analysis were obtained in cases of death by drowning." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	StrontiumIBA 01/01/2008 - "The aims of this study were to confirm the diagnostic value of strontium in cases of drowning compared with other causes of death, to analyse factors that could affect its concentration and to ascertain the sensitivity and specificity of strontium in right and left ventricles and peripheral serum for the post-mortem diagnosis of drowning" 05/24/2007 - "This study examines the effects of age, gender, a cold water medium versus warm water medium, and salinity on strontium levels determined in left ventricular blood in drownings" 07/01/1998 - "The aim of our study was to examine the combined contribution of computer-assisted histomorphometry of lungs with blood strontium (BS) measurement to the diagnosis of drowning in cadavers recovered from fresh water" 01/01/2008 - "Strontium (Sr) levels were measured in the serum (left and right ventricles and peripheral vein) of all cadavers and, in the case of drowning, in the water medium itself, by using Zeeman AAS" 01/01/2008 - "Strontium levels in different causes of death: diagnostic efficacy in drowning." Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Ribosomal DNA (rDNA)IBA 01/01/2000 - "In this study, we attempted to use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from picoplankton for the diagnosis of death by drowning" 01/01/1996 - "In this study we attempted to use picoplankton for the diagnosis of drowning by PCR analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA)" 04/07/2008 - "In order to evaluate the usefulness of this method for diagnosis of drowning, we used this method for detection of plankton 16S rDNA in drowned rabbits and non-drowned rabbits submerged after death, as well as two human drowning cases" 04/07/2008 - "A novel PCR-DGGE-based method for identifying plankton 16S rDNA for the diagnosis of drowning." 01/01/2000 - "The PCR analysis of the picoplanktion 16S rDNA is considered useful for the diagnosis of death by drowning." Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	tranilast (N 5')IBA 07/01/2006 - "METHODS: Were used 15 male adult rats Wistar EPM-1, weight 360g (SD=21,3), randomized in three groups: G1--Control; G2--Fresh water; G3--Salty water, each one with n=5. The animals have been anesthetized and tracheostomized to insert a cannula inside the trachea, for drowning induction" 12/01/1999 - "Drownings occurred in home swimming pools (N = 10); baths (N = 9); waterways (i.e., rivers, irrigation ditches, sea; N = 5); buckets, bins, sinks (N = 4); and fish ponds (N = 3)" 03/01/2003 - "In the reference groups (asphyxiation and drowning), the hemorrhages were frequently observed in ligature strangulation (n=10/15), manual strangulation (n=5/7) and traumatic asphyxia (n=4/5)" 10/01/2006 - "The cases (total, n=245, 6-48h postmortem) included fatal blunt/sharp instrument injuries (n=53/31), asphyxia (n=28: aspiration, n=8; strangulation/hanging, n=20), drowning (n=27), fire fatality (n=62), acute myocardial infarction/ischemia (AMI, n=39), and gastrointestinal hemorrhage (n=5)" 03/13/2000 - "The SP-D levels of 15 subjects who died of hemorrhage (n=5), heart failure (n=8), traumatic shock (n=1), and electrocution (n=1) were lower (22.0+/-8.5 ng ml(-1)), and those of asphyxia victims (n=10) were slightly higher (36.2+/-17.1 ng ml(-1)) than those of other causes of death, except for drowning" Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	Methamphetamine (Desoxyn)FDA Link 08/14/2002 - "Methamphetamine was detected in two cases of drowning (2.5 microg/ml in blood in the first case and 6 microg/g in liver in the second case)" 12/01/2005 - "Autopsy cases (total, n=360; 5-48 h postmortem), including blunt injury (n=76), sharp injury (n=29), asphyxiation (n=42), drownings (n=28: freshwater, n=11; saltwater, n=17), fire fatalities (n=79), methamphetamine (MA) poisoning (n=8), delayed death from traumas (n=37), and acute myocardial infarction/ischemia (AMI, n=61), were examined" 09/01/2007 - "However, postmortem elevation of cTnI was larger for specific causes of death including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), hyperthermia, fatal methamphetamine (MA) abuse and carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication and insignificant for recurrent myocardial infarction (RMI), chronic congestive heart diseases (CHD) and drowning, while that of CK-MB was greater for CO intoxication and insignificant for drowning" 03/01/2003 - "In the immunohistochemistry (n=283), an increase in intra-alveolar granular SP-A (SP-A score) was often observed in asphyxiation (n=21/34, 61.8%) and freshwater drowning (n=15/24, 62.5%), and also in fire and methamphetamine (MA) fatalities (n=22/76, 28.9% and n=5/16, 31.3%)" 03/01/2006 - "These included blunt and sharp instrument injury (n = 122 and 21, respectively), asphyxiation (n = 35), drowning (n = 27), fire fatalities (n = 94), hyperthermia (n = 13), hypothermia (n = 6), fatal methamphetamine (MA) abuse (n = 12) and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning (n = 5) in comparison with myocardial infarction (MI, n = 57) and cerebrovascular diseases (n = 13)" Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	mofezolac (N 22)IBA 09/13/2007 - "Causes of death were blunt injury (n=31), sharp injury (n=15), poisoning (n=11), drowning (n=10), fire fatalities (n=25), hypothermia (n=7), asphyxiation (n=14), hyperthermia (n=3), and natural diseases (n=22) for controls" 03/01/2006 - "The cases (n = 286, 3-48 h postmortem) included fatal head injuries (n = 89), acute death from other blunt injuries (n = 29), sharp instrument injuries (n = 20), asphyxiation (n = 29: strangulation/hanging, n = 22; aspiration, n = 7), drownings (n = 22), fire fatalities (n = 68), cerebrovascular diseases (n = 9) and acute myocardial infarction/ischemia (AMI, n = 20)" 04/01/1996 - "The most common basic disorders were: various myopathies (n = 65), hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (n = 60), spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, n = 55), chronic lung disorders of prematurity (n = 21), Ondine's curse (n = 22), drowning (n = 17) and congenital heart diseases (n = 16)" 05/01/2005 - "The aim of the present study was to examine Ub-immunoreactivity in the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter (PGM), which is involved in pain processing and modulation, in forensic autopsy cases (n=273) in relation to the causes of death: acute deaths from blunt injuries (n=75), sharp weapon injuries (n=36), fatal asphyxiation (n=22), drownings (n=16: freshwater, n=9; saltwater, n=7), fire fatalities (n=64), poisoning (n=12), hyperthermia (n=5), hypothermia (n=5), delayed deaths from blunt head injury (n=8), acute cardiac deaths (n=24), and acute cerebrovascular strokes (n=6)" 03/01/2003 - "In the immunohistochemistry (n=283), an increase in intra-alveolar granular SP-A (SP-A score) was often observed in asphyxiation (n=21/34, 61.8%) and freshwater drowning (n=15/24, 62.5%), and also in fire and methamphetamine (MA) fatalities (n=22/76, 28.9% and n=5/16, 31.3%)" Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Urea (Carbamide)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1975 - "The probability of the diagnosis of drowning rises with the increasing difference between the right and left heart; in chlorides from the difference of 13 mg%, in urea 6 mg% and in creatinine 0,45 mg%" 12/01/1995 - "In a group of 387 drowned subjects and 50 control subjects the author investigated the presence and amount of fluid in the paranasal sinuses: in the cavity of the sphenoid bone and in the right and left maxillary sinus in conjunction with other signs supporting the diagnosis of drowning (presence of Paltauf spots, pulmonary aqueous emphysema, fluid in the stomach, drop of chlorides, creatinine and urea in the left heart)" 10/01/2005 - "The aim of the present study was to examine postmortem pericardial fluid for urea nitrogen (UN), creatinine (Cr) and uric acid (UA) levels to investigate the pathophysiology of death in forensic autopsy cases (total, n = 409; within 48 h postmortem), which included blunt, sharp instrument injury, asphyxiation, drowning, fire fatalities, hyperthermia, hypothermia, methamphetamine-related fatalities, other poisoning, delayed death from trauma and natural diseases" Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 03/01/2008 - "RESULTS: Patients with OHCA due to drowning (n=255) differed from patients with OHCA with a cardiac etiology (n=7494) as they were younger, less frequently suffered a witnessed OHCA, more frequently received bystander CPR and less frequently were found in a shockable rhythm" 06/04/2004 - "To reduce the number of drownings, environmental protections (e.g., isolation pool-fences and lifeguards) should be adopted; alcohol use should be avoided while swimming, boating, or water skiing or while supervising children; and all participants, caregivers, and supervisors should be knowledgeable regarding water-safety skills and be trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)." 12/01/2001 - "Most drownings occurred where no lifeguard was present (68%), but almost two-thirds occurred in the presence of others, with CPR initiated in less than one-third of these cases" 07/01/1997 - "Prevention of drowning morbidity is dependent on constant parental supervision, and immediate and expert CPR." 09/01/1993 - "Therefore, victims of drowning should benefit from an immediate and prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation" Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Positive-Pressure Respiration (PEEP) 06/01/2001 - "Although positive pressure ventilation using bellows was first used for drowning victims in the 1700s, there were soon concerns that such therapy could in fact be harmful to the lungs" 01/01/1988 - "The person was sustained by continuous positive-pressure respiration and died 2 days after resuscitation from drowning" 01/01/1977 - "Respiratory distress syndrome caused by near- or secondary drowning and treatment by positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation." 02/01/1975 - "The last 2 cases of 'near-drowning' with fresh water aspiration developed, 100 min and 50 min respectively after the drowning accident, fulminant pulmonary oedema, which could be cured after application of PEEP in Engstroöm-IPPB in one case" Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Cardiopulmonary Bypass (Heart-Lung Bypass) 05/01/1992 - "Is cardiopulmonary bypass effective for treatment of hypothermic arrest due to drowning or exposure?" 03/01/2004 - "BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary bypass has often been applied to revive victims of cold water drowning" 10/01/2007 - "Outcome of 12 drowned children with attempted resuscitation on cardiopulmonary bypass: an analysis of variables based on the "Utstein Style for Drowning"." 09/01/1984 - "In intractable cases of cardiac arrest, particularly after prolonged arrest times or cold water drowning, cardiopulmonary bypass appears promising" Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing 09/01/1960 - "Drowning treated with intermittent positive pressure breathing." 02/01/1975 - "The last 2 cases of 'near-drowning' with fresh water aspiration developed, 100 min and 50 min respectively after the drowning accident, fulminant pulmonary oedema, which could be cured after application of PEEP in Engstroöm-IPPB in one case" Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Tourniquets 05/01/1979 - "Problems which have recurred on the scene include whether the patient would have benefited from less time in stabilization and immobilization; manipulation of deformed fractures for splinting; use of tourniquets; techniques of airway maintenance; and management of infrequently seen problems such as hypothermia and drowning" Order ALL the reference details at left...

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