Pressure Ulcer (Bedsore)

An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.

Also Known As:

Networked: 5154 relevant articles (304 outcomes, 783 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
2.	Pressure Ulcer (Bedsore)
3.	Ulcer
4.	Infections
5.	Pain (Aches)

Experts

1.	Sanada, Hiromi: 32 articles (07/2021 - 01/2004)
2.	Sugama, Junko: 24 articles (06/2022 - 01/2005)
3.	Nakagami, Gojiro: 22 articles (07/2021 - 12/2006)
4.	Horn, Susan D: 21 articles (06/2022 - 11/2002)
5.	Gray, Mikel: 20 articles (11/2021 - 09/2003)
6.	Dassen, Theo: 20 articles (01/2018 - 02/2006)
7.	Chaboyer, Wendy: 19 articles (11/2022 - 05/2010)
8.	Gefen, Amit: 19 articles (11/2022 - 01/2008)
9.	Dumville, Jo C: 19 articles (10/2021 - 10/2008)
10.	Cox, Jill: 18 articles (01/2022 - 02/2011)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pressure Ulcer:

1.	SiliconesIBA 07/01/2015 - "Application of a silicone border foam dressing is associated with significant reduction in interface pressure and may be considered as part of a pressure ulcer prevention program." 08/08/2016 - "We review the current literature to examine whether the standard protocol or silicone material is superior to the prevention of pressure ulcer formation. " 03/01/2012 - "A randomized controlled trial based on a power analysis is needed to more precisely determine the efficacy of a silicone border foam dressing for prevention of pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit." 01/01/2018 - "The introduction of new silicone pressure-reducing strips for use in conjunction with twill tape was effective in reducing the incidence of pressure ulcers in this patient population from 21% to 5% (P = .032)." 10/01/2020 - "A randomised controlled trial to assess the efficacy of multi-layered silicone foam dressings to prevent the development of pressure ulcers on heels and sacrum among 422 intensive care unit patients was conducted. "
2.	Ointments (Pastes)IBA 06/07/2011 - "Therefore, sustained-release AM ointment may be a novel therapeutic agent for pressure ulcers." 02/01/2001 - "These preliminary results show that the study ointment is a safe and effective treatment for Stage I and II pressure ulcers." 06/01/2013 - "In this study, the efficacy of a novel Chinese herbal formula, cure rot and flat sore ointment (CRFSO), in the management of stage IV pressure ulcers, and the effect of simultaneous comprehensive rehabilitation in improving the outcome were evaluated. " 08/01/2021 - "The pressure ulcer of the patient improved rapidly using the combined treatment of our positioning approach and appropriate topical ointments. " 05/01/2000 - "In conclusion, a fused mixed ointment with beta-CyD was found to be preferable for treatment of bedsore, because of the improved drug release rate, lowered viscosity and increased elution volume of the resultant ointment."
3.	Arginine (L-Arginine)FDA Link 03/01/2012 - "Similar clinical benefits in healing of pressure ulcers can be achieved with a lower dosage of arginine, which can translate into improved concordance and significant cost-savings for both the health-care facilities and for patients." 09/01/2000 - "The purpose of this study was to determine what level of arginine supplementation was orally and metabolically tolerated and effective in enhancing immune function in elderly persons with pressure ulcers. " 11/01/2011 - "Nutritional treatment using arginine has also been recently shown to be effective for the treatment of pressure ulcers. " 01/01/2017 - "Efficacy of arginine-enriched enteral formulas for the healing of pressure ulcers: a systematic review." 04/01/2011 - "Lower plasma arginine in enteral tube-fed patients with pressure ulcer and improved pressure ulcer healing after arginine supplementation by Arginaid Water."
4.	HydrogelsIBA 08/01/2022 - "The biomechanical efficacy of a hydrogel-based dressing in preventing facial medical device-related pressure ulcers." 01/01/2021 - "Zwitterionic Hydrogel Activates Autophagy to Promote Extracellular Matrix Remodeling for Improved Pressure Ulcer Healing." 10/01/2021 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of PRP in pressure ulcer healing in comparison to hydrogel dressing in SCI patients. " 02/17/2015 - "It is not clear if hydrogel dressings are more or less effective than other treatments in healing pressure ulcers or if different hydrogels have different effects, Most trials in this field are very small and poorly reported so that risk of bias is unclear." 10/01/2012 - "In this study, a β-CD/PEI/SF hydrogel containing CAE and HCA reduced the healing time for pressure sores."
5.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 08/01/2005 - "Individual studies showed a trend towards improved healing of existing pressure ulcers with disease-specific (including high protein) versus standard formulas, although robust RCTs are required to confirm this. " 07/02/2013 - "Moderate-strength evidence shows that healing of pressure ulcers in adults is improved with the use of air-fluidized beds, protein supplementation, radiant heat dressings, and electrical stimulation." 02/01/2020 - "This study aimed to demonstrate that the secretion of the candidate marker proteins in pressure-loaded mouse skin can be detected by skin blotting, and to propose a novel direct skin assessment method for predicting pressure ulcer development. " 07/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to describe the energy and protein intakes of hospitalized patients at risk for pressure ulcers and to identify predictors of eating inadequately. " 06/12/2014 - " trials compared a combination of nutritional supplements, consisting of a minimum of energy and protein in different dosages, for the prevention of pressure ulcers. "
6.	AlginatesIBA 09/01/2015 - "To assess the effects of alginate dressings for treating pressure ulcers in any care setting. " 09/01/2015 - "Dressings are widely used to treat pressure ulcers and there are many options to choose from including alginate dressings. " 09/01/2015 - "Alginate dressings for treating pressure ulcers." 05/21/2015 - "To assess the effects of alginate dressings for treating pressure ulcers in any care setting. " 05/21/2015 - "Dressings are widely used to treat pressure ulcers and there are many options to choose from including alginate dressings. "
7.	Oxygen (Dioxygen)IBA 01/01/2006 - "The intraoperative improvement of cutaneous blood flow and oxygen tension in the systemically warmed group improved tissue viability and reduced the incidence of pressure sores. " 12/01/1983 - "Skin oxygen tension measurement allows immediate assessment of the efficacy of measures to prevent decubitus ulcers." 11/01/2000 - "In a prospective, controlled study the skin microcirculation and transcutaneous oxygen tension were evaluated in 28 elderly patients (85 +/- 0.8 years) with grade 2 and 3 pressure ulcer. " 11/01/1998 - "In this study, interface pressures, transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2), and blood flow were compared with the classic pressure ulcer-prone areas in the supine and lateral position on six different high- and low-air-loss support surfaces. " 01/01/1993 - "With a view to developing a new method of preventing pressure ulcers, the objective of this study was to determine whether high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS) could increase sacral transcutaneous oxygen tension (PtcO2) in SCI persons lying prone and supine. "
8.	SolutionsIBA 04/25/2023 - "Compared to previous studies that primarily utilize CNN-based algorithms, our approach provides a more efficient and accurate solution for the detection and classification of pressure ulcers. " 11/20/2023 - "Key stakeholder perspectives regarding their role and experiences with pressure injuries is critical as part of the solution to minimizing HAPI occurrence and attain sustainability. " 11/01/2021 - "Further, we provide a fuzzy inferred solution that can control our proposed proprietary automated SMB layout to optimize patients' posture and mitigate pressure ulcers. " 04/16/2021 - "An advanced technology that may provide a new solution for the treatment of pressure ulcers is the use of a biodegradable synthetic hybrid-scale fiber matrix. " 12/30/2019 - "The proposed system proves to be a compact and reliable solution for wheelchair pressure ulcer prevention, making it a suitable alternative to existing conventional electronic sensors, with the advantage of being immune to electromagnetic interferences and usable in humid environments. "
9.	ZincIBA 12/01/2020 - "The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence on the efficacy of zinc supplementation in patients with pressure injuries (PIs). " 09/01/2023 - "However, controversy exists regarding zinc supplementation for pressure ulcer management. " 02/01/2017 - "The Potential Role of Zinc Supplementation on Pressure Injury Healing in Older Adults: A Review of the Literature." 10/01/2013 - "Forty-two patients with stage II-IV pressure ulcers for 4 or more weeks were allocated to 1 of 3 groups in order of recruitment: the control group (n = 14) was untreated, the PLZ group (n = 10) orally received 150 mg/d PLZ (containing 116 mg CAR and 34 mg zinc), and the CAR group (n = 18) orally received 116 mg/d CAR. " 07/01/2009 - "As for hospitalized patients with pressure ulcer, zinc concentration was quite low and decreased related with aggravation of pressure ulcer. "
10.	Colloids (Colloid)IBA 01/01/2019 - "There was a statistically significant reduction in grade 2 pressure ulceration rates (p= 0.0013) in Group 2 compared to Group 1. Application of an early prophylactic pressure-relieving hydrocolloid nasal dressing reduces the risk of developing grade 2 pressure ulcers in patients in patients requiring acute NIV." 01/01/2015 - "Pubmed and Web of Knowledge were searched for randomized controlled trials for the treatment of hydrocolloid and saline gauze for pressure ulcer. " 01/01/2015 - "Comparison of the treatment of hydrocolloid and saline gauze for pressure ulcer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." 05/01/2008 - "Based on the studies included in this review, hydrocolloids are frequently used in the treatment of grade 2 and 3 pressure ulcers and are more effective and less expensive than gauze dressings. " 05/01/2008 - "Randomised controlled trials on the treatment of pressure ulcers with hydrocolloids, as defined by the British National Formulary, were systematically included and analysed. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 06/25/2015 - "The outcomes suggest that when combined with a pressure ulcer management plan and turning schedule the Air-Flo(®) 8 Acute performed well, giving an option to continue to care for high-risk patients with an empirically proven effective therapy, while making considerable financial savings. " 10/01/1984 - "Fourteen of the 25 decubitus ulcers (56%) demonstrated marked improvement or complete healing with HCD therapy. " 01/01/2013 - "After PVP, the patient did not need any antalgic therapy, and there was a significant improvement regarding mobilization, performance of physiological functions, daily management of personal care, and treatment of decubitus ulcers, increasing life quality and psychological well-being." 12/01/2003 - "Faster healing and better function indicate that treatment using the generic total contact seat is superior to low air loss bed therapy, which is standard care for advanced pressure ulcers." 12/01/1996 - "The objective of this article was to determine the incidence of pressure ulcers in the postoperative CVS patient with IABP support and to determine if LAL therapy was more effective in the prevention of pressure ulcers in this patient population. "
2.	Length of Stay 01/01/2012 - "Outcomes including falls, pressure ulcers, functional level (the latter as measured by the KATZ), and length of stay were examined and demonstrated marked improvement compared to similar patients outside the ACE unit. " 03/01/2020 - "While opinions differ on the relationship between delayed surgery and postoperative mortality, a strong association between earlier surgery and improvement in postoperative outcomes (e.g., length of hospital stay, bedsore occurrence, return to an independent lifestyle), has been reported. " 01/01/1999 - "After adjusting for only the admission predictors of costs and length of stay by multivariable analyses, hospital costs, and length of stay for those who developed pressure ulcers remained significantly greater than for those who did not develop pressure ulcers ($14,260 vs $12,382, P = 0.03, and 16.9 vs 12.9 days, P = 0.02, respectively). " 12/01/2010 - "Although there is conflicting evidence that early surgery would improve mortality, there is widespread evidence in the literature that other outcomes including morbidity, the incidence of pressure sores, and the length of hospital stay could be improved by shortening the waiting time of hip fracture surgery. " 07/01/2008 - "Early compared with late operative treatment of patients with a hip fracture is associated with an improved ability to return to independent living, a reduced risk for the development of pressure ulcers, and a shortened hospital stay."
3.	Debridement 01/01/2022 - "This study sought to assess the effect of stool management followed by surgical debridement and surgical closure combined with NPWT in the treatment of posterior trunk pressure injuries. " 01/01/2019 - "In Study 1, the median of biofilm removal proportion was 38.9% (interquartile range, 12.9-68.0%) for pressure ulcers treated with standard care and 65.2% (41.1-78.8%) for those treated with ultrasonic debridement (p = 0.009). " 01/01/2019 - "Firstly, the cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the proportion of biofilm removal by ultrasonic debridement in pressure ulcers [Study 1]. " 12/01/2017 - "From July 2011 to February 2014, we performed a prospective, single-centre study on adult SCI patients undergoing scheduled surgical debridement and reconstruction for advanced-stage pressure ulcers, at Montecatone Rehabilitation Institute, a 150-bed hospital dedicated to SCI care. " 01/01/2008 - "The resulting trochanteric defects in this study were due to debridement of pressure sore. "
4.	Hydrocolloid Bandages (Duoderm) 10/19/2023 - "Hydrocolloid dressings are effective in reducing the incidence of facial pressure ulcers in patients receiving NIPPV. " 07/01/1990 - "DuoDERM application and prosthetic socket modification have been found useful for the treatment of decubitus ulcers in ambulatory patients. " 01/01/2020 - "To investigate the efficacy of hydrocolloid dressing in reducing the occurrence rate and severity of nasotracheal tube-related pressure injury. " 01/01/2020 - "Investigating the Efficacy of Hydrocolloid Dressing for Preventing Nasotracheal Tube-Related Pressure Injury in the PICU." 06/01/2019 - "To compare the efficacy of hydrocellular and hydrocolloid dressings after 8 weeks of treatment of category II pressure ulcers. "
5.	Nursing Care 09/01/2001 - "This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of interrupted direct current (IDC) in augmenting routine nursing care in spinal cord injured (SCI) patients with pressure ulcers. " 01/01/2021 - "Seamless nursing care contributes to the reduced number of pressure ulcer, reduced incidence of related complications, and improved satisfaction with care." 05/01/2020 - "Hospitals aiming to improve pressure ulcer prevention should focus on organizational structures that support improved nurses work environments and workflow that will enhance nursing care interventions. " 06/01/1987 - "The process of pressure sore prevention requires skilled nursing assessment of the integumentary system and knowledge of risk factors, as well as an ongoing evaluation plan to monitor incidence and the efficacy of nursing care. " 01/01/2021 - "To study the preventive effect of seamless nursing care on pressure ulcer and related complications in elderly inpatients. "