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Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testes)

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A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.

Also Known As:

Undescended Testes; Abdominal Cryptorchidism; Bilateral Cryptorchidism; Cryptorchism; Inguinal Cryptorchidism; Testes, Undescended; Unilateral Cryptorchidism; Cryptorchidism, Abdominal; Cryptorchidism, Bilateral; Cryptorchidism, Inguinal; Cryptorchidism, Unilateral; Undescended Testis; Testis, Undescended

Networked: 1346 relevant articles (39 outcomes, 112 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testes)
2.	Infertility (Sterility)
3.	Testicular Neoplasms (Testicular Cancer)
4.	Varicocele
5.	Neoplasms (Cancer)

Experts

1.	Skakkebaek, Niels E: 14 articles (04/2010 - 01/2003)
2.	Toppari, Jorma: 12 articles (04/2010 - 10/2003)
3.	Skakkebaek, N E: 10 articles (04/2010 - 05/2001)
4.	Lu, Guang-Xiu: 9 articles (06/2007 - 11/2002)
5.	Virtanen, Helena E: 8 articles (04/2010 - 02/2006)
6.	Main, Katharina M: 8 articles (04/2010 - 02/2006)
7.	Foresta, Carlo: 8 articles (04/2009 - 01/2004)
8.	Agoulnik, Alexander I: 8 articles (04/2009 - 11/2004)
9.	Ferlin, Alberto: 7 articles (04/2009 - 12/2004)
10.	Feng, Shu: 7 articles (04/2009 - 11/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cryptorchidism:

1.	Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)FDA Link 09/01/1995 - "In conclusion, LHRH is effective in the treatment of cryptorchidism, and hCG is more effective than placebo, but data about the effect are scanty." 06/01/2009 - "CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study have shown that neoadjuvant GnRH treatment improves the fertility index in prepubertal cryptorchidism and, consequently, should improve fertility in adulthood." 06/01/2009 - "OBJECTIVES: To investigate, in a prospectively randomized trial, whether preoperative gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) therapy improves the fertility index in primary cryptorchidism. " 06/01/2009 - "Neoadjuvant gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy before surgery and effect on fertility index in unilateral undescended testes: a prospective randomized trial." 03/01/2005 - "In a prospectively randomized trial we investigated whether preoperative GNRH therapy improves the fertility index in primary cryptorchidism. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	HormonesIBA 02/01/2003 - "Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) is a sexually dimorphic gonadal hormone with proven efficacy in the evaluation of boys with cryptorchidism and children with intersex conditions. " 06/01/2010 - "We performed a critical appraisal of the key papers in the world literature to evaluate the level of evidence for improved fertility indices, semen analysis and paternity rates following hormone therapy in undescended testes. " 10/01/1996 - "Synthetic hormone-disrupting chemicals may play a role in the increased frequency of cryptorchidism observed in some studies. " 08/01/1992 - "In a modified, double-blind controlled study, 163 prepubertal boys (aged 1.8-13.0 years) with bilateral and 94 (aged 1.5-13.1 years) with unilateral cryptorchidism were allocated to treatment with either human chorionic gonadotrophin (im), gonadotrophin releasing hormone (intranasally) or placebo (intranasally). " 04/19/1986 - "Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of luteinising-hormone-releasing-hormone nasal spray in treatment of undescended testes." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Chorionic Gonadotropin (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2003 - "PURPOSE: We prospectively evaluated the efficacy of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the treatment of undescended testis and sought to determine whether HCG assists in the differentiation of undescended testis from retractile testis. " 03/01/2000 - "PURPOSE: We evaluated the role of a patent processus vaginalis for cryptorchidism as well as inguinal herniography as a predictor of the efficacy of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) treatment. " 07/01/2006 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of low-dose hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) (500 IU/week for 3 weeks) in the treatment of cryptorchidism and in the assessment of Leydig cell functions. " 04/03/2006 - "In a recent study, the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the treatment of children with cryptorchidism aged less than four years was questioned. " 01/01/1988 - "Two schedules of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration were compared in a study of 332 boys (473 testes) aged 1-13 years with cryptorchidism. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 11/01/1981 - "At 7, 14 and 21 days after cryptorchidism, an enhanced testosterone response was observed and the size of the Leydig cells was significantly greater than that of the controls, which indicated increased secretory activity by the cryptorchid testis. " 01/01/1989 - "A greater incidence of spontaneous remission of the cryptorchidism was found in those subjects with: 1) testosterone plasma levels overlapping the neonatal range; 2) testicles placed in proximity to the external orifice of the inguinal tunnel. " 06/01/2001 - "This study concluded that spontaneous descent of palpable undescended testes is closely related to the presence of LH and testosterone surge. " 09/01/1999 - "A model that may potentially assist in the clarification of androgen-mediated effects on mood is the study of cryptorchid men who may grow up with varying degrees of testosterone deficiency depending on the time in their life when cryptorchism is corrected. " 10/01/1988 - "In a study of 21 premature babies with cryptorchidism at 18 months post-term and 21 case matched controls, cryptorchid preterm infants failed to show the normal rise in plasma testosterone in the first postnatal week. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 01/01/2003 - "In the present study, genomic DNA was obtained from 150 patients with idiopathic cryptorchidism. " 01/01/2004 - "PATIENTS AND METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from 18 patients with cryptorchidism (age 7-44 years; unilateral n = 13; no familial cases) and 28 healthy controls (age 9-39 years). " 06/01/2002 - "MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genomic DNA from 118 boys with cryptorchidism and 48 normal controls were obtained from 3 institutions. " 12/20/2000 - "DNA organization in patients with a history of cryptorchidism." 01/01/1999 - "Sequence analysis revealed several DNA polymorphisms in exon 1 in controls and boys with cryptorchidism. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Buserelin (Suprefact)IBA 10/01/1987 - "A significant increase in the number of germ cells was observed in patients with unilateral and those with bilateral cryptorchidism, indicating that 6 months of buserelin therapy improved the fertility status even when testes were in an undescended position during treatment." 08/01/1992 - "The study was double blind, placebo controlled in which patients with cryptorchidism were assigned randomly into 3 groups: buserelin treatment (22), surgical treatment (18) or placebo control group (19). " 08/01/1992 - "Buserelin treatment of cryptorchidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study." 01/01/1987 - "In a collaborative study, 48 prepubertal boys with undescended testes ranging in age from 15 months to 11 years were treated with low-dose intranasal buserelin following an every-other-day programme for a period of 6 months. " 10/01/1987 - "We studied 48 prepubertal boys with cryptorchidism between 1 year 3 months and 11 years old who were treated with buserelin every other day for 6 months. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	GonadotropinsIBA 05/01/1997 - "PURPOSE: We investigated the efficacy of early gonadotropin treatment of cryptorchidism for promoting testicular descent and ameliorating testicular histology. " 04/15/2007 - "This high gonadotropin drive may compensate for mild Leydig cell dysfunction in cryptorchidism." 04/01/2006 - "METHODS AND RESULTS: Eight adult IHH patients with prepubertal testes (<4 ml), with no previous gonadotropin therapy and with no history of cryptorchidism underwent open bilateral testicular biopsy prior to the initiation of hormonal treatment. " 02/01/2001 - "An increased rate of cryptorchidism, increased gonadotropin levels and genetic instability are possible pathways. " 08/01/1991 - "One might conclude that the underlying injury of undescended testes, presumably the blunted surge of gonadotropins, causes a primary hypoplasia and hypofunction of Leydig cells, which in turn causes a secondary defect in transformation of gonocytes into spermatogonia. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	CadmiumIBA 05/01/1995 - "The resistance of the immature, physiologically intraabdominal epididymal capillary endothelium reminds one of the protection against cadmium that is brought about by surgical cryptorchidism in adult mature rats. " 10/01/1986 - "The possible mechanisms for the protective action of cryptorchidism against the effects of cadmium on capillary endothelia are discussed." 01/01/1970 - "Effect of experimental cryptorchidism and cadmium injury on the spontaneous contractions of the seminiferous tubules of the rat testis." 12/01/1967 - "The effect of cryptorchidism, cadmium and anti-spermatogenic drugs on fatty acid composition of rat testis." Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	tebufenozide (Mimic)IBA 01/01/2000 - "Low doses of the native peptide delivered in a pulsatile manner to mimic that found in the hypothalamic portal vessels restore fertility in hypogonadal patients, and are also effective in treating cryptorchidism and delayed puberty. " 03/01/2008 - "A testicular carcinoma in intraabdominal undescended testis can mimic other mesenteric or retroperitoneal mass. " 04/01/2001 - "Though testicular pathology in an undescended testis may mimic other conditions (e.g., appendicitis), these patients may have symptoms from intra-abdominal pathology which is completely unrelated to their long standing testicular maldescent." Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Contraceptive Agents (Contraceptives)IBA 03/01/2006 - "Agents acting at RXFP2 receptors may be useful for the treatment of cryptorchidism and infertility, whereas antagonists may be used as contraceptives. " 03/01/2007 - "Activators of RXFP2 may be useful to treat cryptorchidism and infertility and inhibitors have potential as contraceptives. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Orchiopexy 02/01/2004 - "However, efficient revascularization stemming from the superficial epigastric artery of the fasciovascular flap was found in group 5. The testicular biopsy scores of groups 2 and 5 were significantly greater than those of groups 3 and 4. The results of the present study demonstrate that the fasciovascular flap as a vascular carrier revascularizes the testis through spermatic vessels after delayed division and provides an adjuvant treatment modality or first-stage procedure in a salvage operation for high-undescended testis during staged orchiopexy." 05/24/1997 - "Risk was significantly raised in testes that had had biopsy samples removed during orchidopexy (relative risk = 66.7 (23.9 to 143.3) compared with a testis in a man in the general population) and was significantly greater in these testes than in undescended testes that had not had biopsy samples taken at orchidopexy (6.7 (2.7 to 13.5)). " 01/01/1987 - "Surgical orchiopexy after surgically induce mechanical cryptorchidism resulted in improved fertility (30% vs. 0%); however, the improvement was still significantly less than the control rate. " 10/01/2007 - "CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study have shown that scrotal orchiopexy is simple, safe, and effective in selected cases compared with the standard two-incision approach in the treatment of the palpable undescended testis." 01/01/2009 - "Low transscrotal orchidopexy is a safe and effective approach for undescended testes distal to the external inguinal ring." Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Orchiectomy (Orchidectomy) 10/01/2005 - "METHODS: This study was performed on four normal testes obtained from adult cadavers and the undescended testes taken from men undergoing unilateral orchiectomy. " 10/01/2002 - "Only men who had been successful at or attempted paternity for whom we had complete data were included in the study from the entire cohort of 584 men with former cryptorchidism, 23 with absent testis, 26 treated with orchiectomy and 706 controls. " 08/01/1984 - "On the basis of this study we would consider orchiectomy rather than orchidopexia in patients with unilateral undescended testes presenting at puberty or later." 11/01/2009 - "Decision for surgery, biopsy or orchiectomy should be based on concomitant symptoms, cryptorchidism or suspected malignancy. " 02/01/2009 - "CONCLUSIONS: Orchiectomy may be considered in healthy patients with cryptorchidism who are between ages 12 and 50 years. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Ligation 02/01/2005 - "The incidence was 0.7% at inguinal herniotomy (IH), 4.1% at ligation of the patent processus vaginalis for communicating hydrocele (P = 0.03 vs IH), and 3.3% at exploration for undescended testes (P = 0.02 vs IH). " 01/01/1992 - "Efferent-duct ligation and cryptorchism, on the other hand, had no effect on the steady-state concentrations of ESP I transcripts. " 01/01/1988 - "Experimental conditions as cryptorchidism, fetal irradiation, and ligation of the ductuli efferents lead to unspecific alterations in the distribution of the anionic sites that are parallel to the modifications in the basement membrane." 03/01/1986 - "Surgical induction of cryptorchidism or ligation of the efferent ducts disrupts spermatogenesis. " 03/01/1986 - "A comparison of Leydig cell function after unilateral and bilateral cryptorchidism and efferent-duct-ligation." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Analgesia 05/01/1993 - "The efficacy of postoperative analgesia was assessed in 68 children aged 8 to 14 subjected to surgery for inguinal and umbilical hernia, varicocele, cryptorchidism. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 03/01/2001 - "Aiming to study the effectiveness of medical therapy in cryptorchidism, a computerised Medline research from 1985 to 1999 on the thesaurus word "cryptorchidism" with the filter "drug therapy" was conducted. " 02/01/1990 - "Histological study of testicular biopsies from infertile men showing Sertoli-cell-only tubules due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, cryptorchidism, oestrogen treatment, chemotherapy or Del Castillo's syndrome, revealed four types of Sertoli cells: (1) normal adult mature cells showing an indented nucleus, grossly triangular in shape with a prominent tripartite nucleolus; (2) immature cells with round regularly outlined nuclei and immature cytoplasm; (3) dysgenetic cells showing immature nuclei and a nearly mature cytoplasm with less developed cytoplasmic organelles; and (4) involuting cells with very irregularly outlined nuclei and a mature cytoplasm containing abundant lipid droplets and residual bodies and atypical inter-Sertoli junctional specializations. " 04/01/1998 - "Maturation arrest, Sertoli cell-only, cryptorchidism, chemotherapy and mumps do not appear to have a major impact on the pregnancy rate. " 11/01/1997 - "These findings were the same for all types of testicular failure whether Sertoli cell only, maturation arrest, cryptorchidism, or post-chemotherapy azoospermia. " 01/01/1989 - "Patients with a previous history of cryptorchidism or varicocele, and those who had received combined chemotherapy, were excluded. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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