Cross Infection (Nosocomial Infection)

Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.

Also Known As:

Nosocomial Infection; Nosocomial Infections; Hospital Infection; Hospital Infections; Health Care Associated Infection; Health Care Associated Infections; Healthcare Associated Infections; Infection, Cross; Infections, Hospital; Infections, Nosocomial; Cross Infections; Healthcare Associated Infection; Infection, Healthcare Associated; Infection, Hospital; Infection, Nosocomial; Infections, Cross; Infections, Healthcare Associated

Networked: 8345 relevant articles (295 outcomes, 701 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infections
2.	Sepsis (Septicemia)
3.	COVID-19
4.	Critical Illness (Critically Ill)
5.	Surgical Wound Infection

Experts

1.	Pittet, Didier: 29 articles (01/2021 - 11/2002)
2.	Gastmeier, P: 28 articles (10/2022 - 05/2000)
3.	Saint, Sanjay: 23 articles (01/2020 - 05/2009)
4.	Pittet, D: 23 articles (06/2016 - 06/2000)
5.	Rosenthal, Victor D: 19 articles (01/2021 - 09/2005)
6.	Gastmeier, Petra: 17 articles (08/2021 - 07/2003)
7.	Hsueh, Po-Ren: 16 articles (04/2019 - 07/2002)
8.	Weber, David J: 15 articles (03/2022 - 01/2005)
9.	Schwab, F: 14 articles (07/2018 - 04/2004)
10.	Kollef, Marin H: 13 articles (01/2022 - 02/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cross Infection:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 06/01/2010 - "This study was designed to search for a rapid, simple and effective antimicrobial susceptibility test capable of identifying the best treatment strategy against microorganisms causing hospital infections showing resistance or reduced susceptibility to the more traditional antibiotics. " 09/01/2014 - "In order to better control nosocomial infections, and facilitate the most prudent and effective use of antibiotics, improved strategies for the rapid detection and identification of problematic bacterial pathogens are required. " 12/01/2017 - "Bifurcation analysis and identification of the global stability conditions can be very helpful for assessing interventions that are aimed at limiting nosocomial infections and stemming the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. " 08/25/2018 - "Therefore, antimicrobial resistance presents an ongoing challenge that requires multifaceted approaches including: biomedical innovation; improved surveillance of antibiotic consumption and antimicrobial resistance generated rates; prevention of health-care-associated infections and transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria and environmental dissemination; rapid microbiological diagnosis; and curtailed clinical and veterinary misuse. " 02/01/2018 - "In patients at high risk of MDR bacteria, such as those with nosocomial infections, the early administration of broad spectrum antibiotics has been shown to improve the prognosis. "
2.	Colistin (Coly-Mycin)FDA Link 08/01/2012 - "In conclusion, this study suggests that colistin is effective in the treatment of severe nosocomial infections caused by MDR Gram-negative bacteria and is generally well tolerated by patients, even after relatively long-term use." 10/01/2006 - "We conclude that colistin can be a safe and effective salvage therapeutic option for nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant A. " 03/09/2009 - "Nosocomial infections due to multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii are often treated with colistin, but there are few data comparing its safety and efficacy with other antimicrobials. " 07/01/2022 - "In this study, it was aimed to compare the broth microdilution method which is the reference method with the colistin broth disc elution and rapid resapolymyxin NP tests for the determination of the susceptibility of colistin in Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterobacterales species which are common healthcare-associated infection agents.Colistin" 08/01/2015 - "All neonates with culture proven nosocomial infections due to multidrug resistant organisms and treated continuously with colistin for more than 72 hours were included in the study. "
3.	Methicillin (Metin)FDA Link 03/26/2023 - "After an in-depth exploration, we found D5L37D5L37 to be the most promising one, since it was equally effective against four relevant pathogens in healthcare-associated infections, such as methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) and MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa, being MRSA, MRSE and P. " 12/01/2016 - "Corrigendum to 'Efficacy of a standard meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus decolonisation protocol in routine clinical practice' [Journal of Hospital Infection (2010) 93-98]." 01/01/2007 - "Although the association between environmental surfaces contaminated with meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and hospital infection rates is not fully understood, monitoring programmes can provide an objective starting point for the development and assessment of infection control strategies incorporating improved cleaning. " 09/25/1993 - "[Clinical epidemiology of an outbreak of nosocomial infections by Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and aminoglucosides: efficacy of the measures of control]." 02/01/2013 - "Several studies demonstrated the association between AHR consumption and reduction in healthcare-associated infection, in particular, meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. "
4.	Carbapenems (Carbapenem Antibiotics)IBA 06/01/2022 - "The purpose of our study is to analyze the microbiological and clinical characteristics of carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-hvKP) that causes nosocomial infection. " 01/01/2022 - "This study aimed to investigate and analyze the current regional differences in carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria (CRGN) in a major Province of China, and provide suggestions for preventing hospital infections. " 01/01/2021 - "Background: The purpose of this study is to use whole genome sequencing (WGS) combined with epidemiological data to track a hospital infection of the carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), which affected 3 neonatal patients in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). " 07/01/2020 - "The objective of this study was to understand the distribution and drug resistance of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) pathogens in an intensive care unit (ICU) of a general tertiary hospital in Inner Mongolia, and to classify carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CR-AB) in ICU patients and environmental samples. " 01/01/2020 - "This study displayed the emergence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens incriminated in healthcare-associated infections. "
5.	beta-Lactamases (beta-Lactamase)IBA 06/01/2008 - "It has good efficacy against beta-lactamase and ESBL (extended spectrum beta-lacatamase)-secreting pathogens, and it has shown great promise in management of children with severe and nosocomial infections. " 01/01/2020 - "Metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Acinetobacter spp. is a major challenge for therapeutic treatment of nosocomial infections. " 05/01/2010 - "The present PCR assay was thus easily and quickly performed, and accurately detected Pseudomonas aeruginosa and metallo-beta-lactamase, and it should be helpful in the diagnosis and control of nosocomial infection. " 10/01/2020 - "This study aimed to determine the in vitro activity of CID against two different sets of GNB: i) a random sample of 213 clinical isolates, including 17 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers, obtained from intensive care unit patients with nosocomial infections collected during a multicentre surveillance study (set I); and ii) a group of 59 challenge GNB producing various types of carbapenemases (CP; set II). " 11/01/2009 - "The aim of this study was to ascertain the incidence and clinical significance of metallo-beta-lactamases among Enterobacter strains isolated from patients with nosocomial infections. "
6.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 01/01/2020 - "There is no justification for conducting additional RCTs to test the efficacy of previously studied IVIG preparations in reducing nosocomial infections in preterm and/or LBW infants." 07/02/2013 - "There is no justification for conducting additional RCTs to test the efficacy of previously studied IVIG preparations in reducing nosocomial infections in preterm and/or LBW infants." 01/01/2004 - "There is no justification for further RCTs testing the efficacy of previously studied IVIG preparations to reduce nosocomial infections in preterm and/or LBW infants. " 01/01/2001 - "There is no justification for further RCTs testing the efficacy of previously studied IVIG preparations to reduce nosocomial infections in preterm and/or LBW infants. " 07/01/1998 - "Clinical data were prospectively collected for 2416 infants enrolled in a multicenter trial to determine the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in preventing nosocomial infections. "
7.	Disinfectants (Biocides)IBA 01/01/2020 - "In this study, the efficacy of hospital disinfectants against nosocomial infection pathogens was compared. " 01/01/2020 - "Comparative efficacy of hospital disinfectants against nosocomial infection pathogens." 01/01/2010 - "In conclusion, a disinfectant should be added to the hand washing process to achieve optimum protection against nosocomial infections in routine hospital practice." 01/01/2021 - "This study was conducted to verify the potential of lysin as disinfectant to kill bacteria contaminating medical devices that cause hospital infections. " 07/01/1996 - "The present study was undertaken to determine the extent of cross-infection present in the dental radiology clinics with and without the use of surface disinfectants. "
8.	Meropenem (Merrem)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2021 - "The objective was to characterize meropenem pharmacokinetics through a population approach to determine effective dosing recommendations in neonates with severe nosocomial infections. " 02/01/2021 - "Gram-negative bacteria, isolated from hospitalized patients with nosocomial infections, underwent meropenem susceptibility test by disk diffusion method. " 01/01/2009 - "The incidence of nosocomial infections did not change, and the prevalence of nosocomial infections caused by meropenem-resistant organisms was always <1% of all admissions during the period of meropenem preference. " 01/01/2006 - "With the use of meropenem the probability of recovery from nosocomial infection was significantly higher (RR 1.73-1.94, p < 0.001) vs. the control. " 08/01/2002 - "In conclusion, our results indicate that meropenem has excellent potency and spectrum of activity despite being prescribed for the treatment of seriously ill patients, and appears to be a reliable option for the initial empirical treatment of serious nosocomial infections."
9.	Vancomycin FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "Improvement in vancomycin utilization in adults in a Saudi Arabian Medical Center using the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee guidelines and simple educational activity." 01/01/2018 - "According to the results of this study, to prevent the spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus strains, especially in nosocomial infections, the susceptibility of isolates should be determined before vancomycin prescription." 09/01/2012 - "This first study on enterococci isolated in Algeria shows the low prevalence of VRE, but the presence of clonal complexes linked to VRE and vancomycin-sensitive enterococci associated with hospital infections. " 06/01/2009 - "This study describes vancomycin prescribing patterns in an average complexity hospital and compare the guidelines proposed by the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). " 02/01/2007 - "This study evaluates vancomycin prescribing patterns in a tertiary-care hospital, with high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, comparing with the guidelines proposed by the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. "
10.	Third Generation CephalosporinsIBA 07/14/2021 - "Third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negatives (3GCR-GN) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are common causes of multi-drug resistant healthcare-associated infections, for which gut colonisation is considered a prerequisite. " 06/01/2012 - "Healthcare-associated infections due to third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have become a major public health threat, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). " 01/01/2010 - "More recently evidence has emerged suggesting that antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial infections could be related to the widespread use of second and third-generation cephalosporins. " 11/01/2007 - "The occurrence of nosocomial infections due to third-generation cephalosporin-resistant gram-negative bacteria is increasing. " 07/01/2006 - "Increasing resistance to third generation cephalosporins has become a cause for concern especially among Enterobacteriaceae that cause nosocomial infections. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Hand Hygiene 12/01/2015 - "This indicates that providing individual feedback after hand hygiene education was very effective in increasing nurses' hand hygiene frequency and improving hand hygiene method; furthermore, it was expected to decrease health care-associated infections. " 06/01/2004 - "Improvement in hand hygiene compliance is important for reducing cross-infection by micro-organisms. " 06/01/2011 - "Patient care environments are struggling to eradicate health care associated infections and studies of undergraduate and graduate medical trainees have revealed significant gaps in their performance of proper hand hygiene and aseptic technique (HH/AT), suggesting the need for improved curriculum. " 03/01/2021 - "The IoT management system significantly improved hand hygiene compliance among medical staff, except cleaners, in the EICU of one provincial hospital; however, the rates of nosocomial infection did not significantly decrease. " 10/01/2020 - "A multimodal strategy aiming at behaviour change significantly improved and sustained hand hygiene, which contributed to the reduction of healthcare-associated infections."
2.	Therapeutics 10/21/2014 - "The efficacy of traditionally recommended therapy has been low in nosocomial infections (up to 40%), and multi-resistance has been observed in up to 22% of isolated germs in nosocomial SBP. " 03/01/2010 - "Use of active surveillance cultures and decolonization therapy was effective in decreasing the prevalence of asymptomatic carriage, the incidence of nosocomial infection, and the overall prevalence of MRSA in our rural healthcare setting." 01/01/1976 - "It can thus be concluded that the methods used in this clinic for combatting hospital infection and a more critical attitude towards anti-bacterial therapy have had positive results. " 02/01/2013 - "The syrup demonstrated to be clinically effective and well tolerated and to be appropriate for a prolonged post-discharge therapy avoiding the discomfort of hospitalization, reducing the risk for nosocomial infections and decreasing the cost for the National Health Service. " 11/01/2023 - "However, targeted nutritional therapy, whether that is enteral or parenteral, has been shown to improve the nutritional state of patients' presurgery, potentially reducing the rate of postoperative complications such as nosocomial infections. "
3.	Length of Stay 02/01/1992 - "The selective gut decontamination group experienced a significant reduction in the incidence of nosocomial infections and a reduced length of stay. " 07/14/2023 - "If the results show that young infants with moderate-mortality risk PSBI signs can be safely and effectively treated on an outpatient basis after a shorter hospital stay, it will reduce the burden on the hospitals, potentially reduce nosocomial hospital infections and increase access to treatment for families with poor access to health facilities. " 11/02/2020 - "The secondary objectives are (1) improvement in or the resolution of danger signs since enrollment, (2) length of hospital stay, (3) death during hospitalization, and (4) rate of nosocomial infections. " 01/01/2023 - "In China, studies have shown nosocomial infections contribute to increased mortality rates, prolonged hospital stays, and added financial burdens for patients. " 01/01/2022 - "The objectives of this study were (1) to develop and validate a simulation model to estimate daily probabilities of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), length of stay (LOS), and mortality using time varying patient- and unit-level factors including staffing adequacy and (2) to examine whether HAI incidence varies with staffing adequacy. "
4.	Catheters 02/01/2013 - "Use of PUNCs for sustained drug release in long-term urinary applications shows promise in addressing catheter-related nosocomial infections." 11/01/2021 - "The purpose of this meta-analysis is to determine the efficacy of coated catheters across clinical studies in preventing these common nosocomial infections. " 08/01/2014 - "aeruginosa requires an improved catheters management and strengthening nosocomial infections prevention." 01/01/2022 - "All studies reporting clinical isolates from patients with catheter-related nosocomial infections and biofilm evaluation published up to 24 June 2022 in the PubMed and Scopus databases were included. " 01/01/2021 - "among the invasive procedures performed by nursing that provide Healthcare-Associated Infections, delayed bladder catheter was indicated in 34 (66.67%) studies, the nasogastric catheter in 10 (19.61%) and the nasoenteral catheter in two (03.92%). "
5.	Critical Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 09/01/2007 - "To evaluate the efficacy of probiotics in reducing the rates of nosocomial infection in pediatric intensive care. " 10/13/2023 - "This study was a retrospective observational study conducted in a 6-bed surgical intensive care unit (SICU) at An-Najah National University Hospital (NNUH) to detect the incidence of nosocomial infections from January 2020 until December 2021. " 12/01/2021 - "Studies with strong internal validity report significant associations between lower levels of critical care nurse staffing and increased odds of both patient mortality (1.24-3.50 times greater) and nosocomial infection (3.28-3.60 times greater), increased hospital costs, lower nurse-perceived quality of care and lower family satisfaction. " 01/01/2019 - "Nosocomial infections in surgical intensive care unit: A retrospective single-center study." 01/01/2017 - "The present study is an attempt to investigate the spectrum and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates involved in healthcare associated infections (HCAI) in the patients of a critical care unit at a tertiary care university hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. "