Consciousness Disorders

Organic mental disorders in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment and to respond to environmental stimuli. Dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres or brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION may result in this condition.

Also Known As:

Altered Level of Consciousness; Consciousness, Level Depressed; Depressed Level of Consciousness; Consciousness Disorder; Consciousness, Level Altered; Disorder of Consciousness; Disorders of Consciousness; Semiconsciousness

Networked: 726 relevant articles (55 outcomes, 96 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Persistent Vegetative State (Vegetative State)
2.	Coma (Comas)
3.	Brain Injuries (Brain Injury)
4.	Jaundice (Icterus)
5.	Hyponatremia

Experts

1.	Laureys, Steven: 47 articles (03/2022 - 12/2006)
2.	Thibaut, Aurore: 24 articles (03/2022 - 10/2013)
3.	Gosseries, Olivia: 24 articles (01/2022 - 01/2009)
4.	He, Jianghong: 18 articles (01/2022 - 08/2015)
5.	Chatelle, Camille: 16 articles (01/2022 - 01/2013)
6.	Xia, Xiaoyu: 16 articles (01/2022 - 01/2016)
7.	Bai, Yang: 15 articles (01/2022 - 01/2016)
8.	Yang, Yi: 13 articles (01/2022 - 01/2016)
9.	Bramanti, Placido: 13 articles (02/2021 - 11/2013)
10.	Li, Yuanqing: 12 articles (01/2022 - 10/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Consciousness Disorders:

1.	Zolpidem (Ambien)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2013 - "The present open-label study therefore failed to show any clinically significant improvement (i.e., change of Effect of zolpidem in chronic disorders of consciousness: a prospective open-label study diagnosis) in any of the 60 studied chronic DOC patients." 09/01/2016 - "Poster 323 Efficacy of Intermittent Dosing of Zolpidem in Disorders of Consciousness: A Case Report." 10/01/2013 - "Effect of zolpidem in chronic disorders of consciousness: a prospective open-label study." 05/01/2009 - "The objectives of this study were to obtain an estimate of the frequency of clinically significant responses among individuals with disorders of consciousness, to determine whether less obvious drug responses are present among "nonresponders," and to identify clinical features characteristic of zolpidem responders. " 05/01/2009 - "Incidence of clinically significant responses to zolpidem among patients with disorders of consciousness: a preliminary placebo controlled trial."
2.	salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)IBA 07/01/2022 - "Compared to sham-rTMS (6.25 ± 1.29), patients with disorders of consciousness treated by active rTMS showed strikingly improved consciousness (8.45 ± 3.55). " 05/01/2023 - "Trigeminal nerve stimulation for prolonged disorders of consciousness: A randomized double-blind sham-controlled study." 01/01/2018 - "Behavioral and Resting State Functional Connectivity Effects of High Frequency rTMS on Disorders of Consciousness: A Sham-Controlled Study." 07/01/2022 - "Forty patients with disorders of consciousness (time since onset of the disorder 49.0 ± 24.6 days) were enrolled and randomized to groups receiving either active-rTMS or sham-rTMS. " 04/01/2023 - "Effects of 10 Hz individualized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on patients with disorders of consciousness: a study protocol for an exploratory double-blind crossover randomized sham-controlled trial."
3.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2023 - "To measure regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRGlu) in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness (DOCs) using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). " 01/01/2023 - "Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Chronic Disorders of Consciousness." 01/01/2023 - "We found that patients with disorders of consciousness suffer decreased capacity for neural propagation and responsiveness to events, and that this can be related to severe reduction of glucose metabolism as measured with [18 F]FDG-PET. " 01/01/2001 - "Factors predicting fatal outcome and permanent sequelae were: diagnosis delay, altered level of consciousness, hypotrophy and low glucose level in CSF." 07/07/2022 - "Understanding the patterns of brain glucose metabolism and connectivity in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (DOC) may be of positive significance to the accurate assessment of consciousness and the optimization of neuromodulation strategy. "
4.	Oxygen (Dioxygen)IBA 10/25/2022 - "To establish a prediction model for acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) in patients with prolonged disorder of consciousness (pDOC) and to evaluate and apply the prediction model. METHODS: The clinical data of 165 patients with pDOC admitted to the hyperbaric oxygen department from January 2021 to December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed, and the patients were divided into an AGI group (n = 91) and an N-AGI group (n = 74) according to whether AGI occurred. " 01/01/2023 - "Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is an effective treatment for patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC). " 01/01/2016 - "Ninety-three patients (59%) had consciousness disorders at admission, 12 patients received oxygen treatment .Vaginal delivery was the mode of delivery for 93 patients and cesarean section for 65 patients.Eclampsia" 01/01/2022 - "The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen combined with right median-nerve stimulation (RMNES) in patients with disorders of consciousness caused by brain injury. " 01/01/2022 - "Hyperbaric oxygen combined with RMNES can improve the state of consciousness and promote the recovery of consciousness for patients with consciousness disorders caused by brain injury, and the effect of RMNES combined with HBOT in the chamber on improving the recovery of consciousness is better than after HBOT outside the chamber."
5.	Blood Glucose (Blood Sugar)IBA 03/01/2019 - "Blood glucose level may be correlated with severity of altered level of consciousness. " 07/01/2015 - "The univariate analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between age, body temperature, consciousness disorders, blood glucose level and severe HFMD complicated with cardiopulmonary collapse. " 01/01/2009 - "On the other hand, in-hospital mortality after acute stroke is strongly associated with disorders of consciousness at the onset of stroke, severity of stroke, body temperature, blood sugar and some other comorbidities. " 03/01/2005 - "Though his blood glucose level recovered normal, his consciousness disorder was suspended, and he showed remarkable hypercalcemia. " 12/01/2017 - "Eligible patients were adults admitted to the ICU with a Glasgow Coma Score <8 due to hypoglycemia and persistent consciousness disorders after normalizing blood glucose levels. "
6.	Opioid Analgesics (Opioids)IBA 01/01/2023 - "Administration of opioids may be responsible for this short-term improvement in consciousness, providing a potential therapeutic approach for disorders of consciousness." 01/01/2023 - "Opioid-induced short-term consciousness improvement in patients with disorders of consciousness." 11/01/2014 - "Finally, the incidence of opioid-induced side effects, specifically nausea, vomiting, pruritus, altered level of consciousness, and need for emergency diagnostic radiologic studies for altered neurologic examination were recorded. " 01/01/2017 - "We report a patient who suffered respiratory failure and depressed level of consciousness after recreationally using a novel synthetic opioid labeled U-47700. " 01/01/2022 - "We did identify that an altered level of consciousness, core feature 3 of delirium, was associated with SICU setting, identifying as Black, activities of daily living, benzodiazepines and opioid medications. "
7.	Modafinil (Provigil)FDA Link 12/01/2017 - "Modafinil appears to be beneficial for enhancing cognition in prolonged disorder of consciousness patients. " 12/01/2017 - "In a relatively small sample, this retrospective pilot study shows the effectiveness of Modafinil in conjunction with good care, suitable medications and multidisciplinary rehabilitation in enhancing arousal in prolonged disorders of consciousness patients." 12/01/2017 - "Twenty four prolonged disorder of consciousness patients who were prescribed Modafinil, were assessed at least four times both before and during treatment. " 12/01/2017 - "Does Modafinil improve the level of consciousness for people with a prolonged disorder of consciousness? " 12/01/2017 - "This retrospective pilot study evaluated the effectiveness of Modafinil for people with a prolonged disorder of consciousness and whether those with a traumatic brain injury did better than those with a non-traumatic brain injury. "
8.	SodiumIBA 05/01/2017 - "However, the consciousness disorder reappeared after his serum sodium concentrations were normalized, and it persisted over a long period. " 11/01/1996 - "We reviewed 14 articles that reported data on serum sodium in patients treated with DDAVP for nocturnal enuresis and 11 articles that reported patients who developed a seizure or altered level of consciousness during treatment with DDAVP for nocturnal enuresis. " 10/13/2023 - "After treatment, compared with the placebo group, patients in the study group exhibited lower levels of indicators such as random venous blood glucose, serum sodium, serum chlorine, urea nitrogen, urine glucose, urine ketone, serum amylase, and triglyceride and higher levels of PH value and serum potassium, with a statistically significant difference (P < .05); also, the study group patients were improved significantly in clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, polydipsia and polyuria, diarrhea, disorders of consciousness and hypotension or shock (P < .05). "
9.	PotassiumIBA 04/17/2021 - "No consciousness disorder, hypotension, increased serum potassium level, metabolic acidosis, or cola-colored urine was observed during her ICU stay. " 10/13/2023 - "After treatment, compared with the placebo group, patients in the study group exhibited lower levels of indicators such as random venous blood glucose, serum sodium, serum chlorine, urea nitrogen, urine glucose, urine ketone, serum amylase, and triglyceride and higher levels of PH value and serum potassium, with a statistically significant difference (P < .05); also, the study group patients were improved significantly in clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, polydipsia and polyuria, diarrhea, disorders of consciousness and hypotension or shock (P < .05). "
10.	Hypnotics and Sedatives (Sedatives)IBA 01/01/2020 - "In the past two decades, many studies have shown the paradoxical efficacy of zolpidem, a hypnotic used to induce sleep, in transiently alleviating various disorders of consciousness such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), dystonia, and Parkinson's disease. " 01/01/2014 - "Zolpidem, a short-acting non-benzodiazepine GABA agonist hypnotic, has been shown to induce paradoxical responses in some patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC), leading to recovery of arousal and cognitive abilities. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation 09/08/2023 - "Frontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and parietal tDCS are effective for treating disorders of consciousness (DoC); however, the relative efficacies of these techniques have yet to be determined. " 01/01/2017 - "The electrophysiological evidence supporting the therapeutic efficacy of multiple transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) sessions on consciousness improvement in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (DOCs) has not been firmly established. " 01/01/2017 - "Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been reported to be a promising technique for consciousness improvement for patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC). " 12/01/2023 - "The aims of this study are to evaluate the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation for improving disorders of consciousness and to compare efficacy of the different etiologies of disorders of consciousness. " 10/01/2023 - "Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to improve signs of consciousness in a subset of patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC). "
2.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 04/01/2023 - "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), as a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, has shown potentials for consciousness recovery of patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC), as, to a certain extent, it is effective in regulating the excitability of central nervous system. " 07/01/2022 - "To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with disorders of consciousness. " 01/01/2023 - "To investigate the efficacy of median nerve stimulation (MNS) combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), MNS alone, and rTMS alone in elevating the level of consciousness in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (pDOC). " 01/01/2016 - "Background: The modulation efficacy of Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on consciousness improvement of patient with disorder of consciousness (DOC) has not been definitely confirmed. " 01/01/2023 - "Effect of single and combined median nerve stimulation and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness: a prospective, randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial."
3.	Spinal Cord Stimulation 01/01/2018 - "Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a promising treatment for disorders of consciousness (DOC), but the underlying mechanism and most effective procedures remain uncertain. " 01/01/2022 - "The treatment of patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) remains a challenging issue, and spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been reported to be a promising treatment for DoC in some studies. " 01/01/2018 - "Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to improve the consciousness levels of patients with disorder of consciousness (DOC). " 09/29/2023 - "Evaluating the effect of spinal cord stimulation on patient with disorders of consciousness: A TMS-EEG study." 08/11/2023 - "This study investigated the prognostic effect of electroencephalography (EEG) instant effects of single spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on clinical outcome in disorders of consciousness (DOC) and the time-dependent brain response during the recovery of consciousness prompted by SCS. "
4.	Deep Brain Stimulation 01/01/2023 - "While deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proved effective for certain patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC), the working neural mechanism is not clear, the response varies for patients, and the assessment is inadequate. " 10/01/2023 - "Long-term functional outcomes improved with deep brain stimulation in patients with disorders of consciousness." 11/01/2018 - "The efficacy of deep brain stimulation in disorders of consciousness remains inconclusive. " 11/09/2023 - "Deep brain stimulation in disorders of consciousness: 10 years of a single center experience." 10/01/2023 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been preliminarily applied to treat patients with disorders of consciousness (DoCs). "
5.	Therapeutics 08/03/2023 - "Limited data exist regarding the optimal clinical trial design for studies involving persons with disorders of consciousness (DoC), and only a few therapies have been tested in high-quality clinical trials. " 10/01/2013 - "Few therapies for patients with chronic disorders of consciousness have been subjected to randomized trials. " 10/30/2023 - "Clinical application of neuromodulation therapy in patients with disorder of consciousness: A pooled analysis of 544 participants." 01/01/2023 - "Effectiveness on level of consciousness of non-invasive neuromodulation therapy in patients with disorders of consciousness: a systematic review and meta-analysis." 01/01/2023 - "These technologies will be critical to the development of the next generation of neurostimulation therapies, which will allow us to treat problems like disorders of consciousness and cognition."