Chondroma (Enchondroma)

A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 361 relevant articles (7 outcomes, 35 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Chondrosarcoma
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Spontaneous Fractures (Pathological Fracture)
4.	Osteochondroma (Osteocartilaginous Exostosis)
5.	Chordoma

Experts

1.	Alman, Benjamin A: 7 articles (01/2022 - 03/2002)
2.	Bovée, Judith V M G: 6 articles (11/2020 - 03/2004)
3.	Hogendoorn, Pancras C W: 5 articles (07/2021 - 03/2004)
4.	Tsuchiya, Hiroyuki: 3 articles (04/2022 - 06/2007)
5.	Capanna, Rodolfo: 3 articles (01/2022 - 01/2020)
6.	Zhang, Hongyuan: 3 articles (01/2022 - 01/2019)
7.	Poon, Raymond: 3 articles (01/2019 - 03/2002)
8.	Cleton-Jansen, Anne-Marie: 3 articles (01/2017 - 03/2004)
9.	Wunder, Jay S: 3 articles (11/2008 - 03/2002)
10.	Rozeman, Leida B: 3 articles (09/2005 - 03/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Chondroma:

1.	Bone SubstitutesIBA 06/01/2015 - "Artificial bone substitute is a safe and effective treatment option for hand enchondroma, with satisfactory functional and radiographic outcomes. " 04/01/2023 - "Clinical and Radiological Outcome of Osteoscopic-Assisted Treatment of Enchondroma in Hand with Artificial Bone Substitute or Bone Graft: A 7-Year Case Series and Literature Review." 06/16/2016 - "Although enchondroma has a low recurrence rate after surgery generally, in consideration of recurrence, we recommend the use of absorbable materials when a use of artificial bone substitute to fill the defect is planned. " 06/01/2015 - "To evaluate the treatment outcomes of enchondroma of the hand with artificial bone substitute versus autologous (iliac) bone graft. " 06/01/2015 - "Local review of treatment of hand enchondroma (artificial bone substitute versus autologous bone graft) in a tertiary referral centre: 13 years' experience."
2.	Calcium Sulfate (Alabaster)IBA 08/01/1990 - "We recommend simply removing an enchondroma without filling the cavity with cancellous bone or plaster-of-Paris. " 02/01/2005 - "Plaster of Paris appears safe and effective as a bone-filling substance after curettage of enchondroma." 02/01/2005 - "To avoid donor-site morbidity of the iliac crest, we applied plaster of Paris as a bone defect filler after curettage of enchondromas. " 03/01/1992 - "The surgical treatment of enchondroma includes resection of the tumor tissue from the bone matrix, and subsequent filling of the defect with autologous or homologous spongiosa or with sterile plaster of Paris. " 01/01/2013 - "This study demonstrated the outcomes of early management of phalangeal enchondromas with pathologic fractures using a lateral approach and injectable calcium sulfate cement for reconstruction. "
3.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 08/01/1995 - "Immunohistochemical study on collagenous proteins and biophysical analysis of crystals in extraskeletal chondroma." 10/01/2021 - "Firstly, we examined the protein level of RCAN1 in osteosarcoma specimens was lower than that of chondroma specimens. " 01/01/2018 - "The BAG3 protein expression in 59 cases of chondrosarcoma, 30 patients with endogenous chondroma and 8 cases of normal cartilage was semi-quantitatively analyzed using the immunohistochemical method. " 12/01/2005 - "Positive immunostaining for all proteins was observed in the majority of the examined chondrosarcomas and in a small fraction of enchondromas. " 09/01/2005 - "Interestingly, JunB protein expression was significantly higher in grade I chondrosarcomas than in enchondromas (p = 0.009), which could be of diagnostic relevance. "
4.	Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (NAD+))IBA 11/01/2019 - "Mosaic somatic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2) genes have been identified in most enchondromas by targeted mutation analysis. " 10/01/2019 - "Mutations in gene encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH 1&2) occur in some enchondromas and spindle cell hemangiomas. " 01/01/2017 - "Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1 or -2 are found in ~50% of conventional central chondrosarcomas and in up to 87% of their assumed benign precursors enchondromas. " 07/01/2015 - "Recurrent 12q13-15 chromosomal aberrations, high frequency of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutations, and absence of high mobility group AT-hook 2 expression in periosteal chondromas." 09/01/2016 - "A recent comprehensive study has identified the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 mutations in conventional central and periosteal cartilaginous tumors, and it has subsequently been analyzed in intracranial chondrosarcoma and chondroma, including chondroma of the convexity dura mater. "
5.	Telomerase (Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase)IBA 03/01/2001 - "To investigate whether the progression towards chondrosarcoma is characterized by reactivation of telomerase activity, this study determined telomerase activity in ten enchondromas, five osteochondromas, and 37 chondrosarcomas using the TRAP assay. " 09/01/2004 - "To address this issue we used immunohistochemistry to compare telomerase reverse transcriptase expression in a collection of 61 tumors consisting of malignant chondrosarcomas of varying grade and benign enchondromas. " 07/01/2015 - "In the present study, four cases of periosteal chondromas were cytogenetically investigated and studied for the expression of high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2), mutations in codons 132 of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1 and 172 of IDH2; mutations -C228T and -C250T in the promoter region of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT); and for methylation in the promoter regions of O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and cellular retinol binding protein 1 (CRBP1). "
6.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 01/01/2021 - "We received a 26-year-old female patient with typical Maffucci's syndrome, and exome sequencing was conducted using DNA from her peripheral blood and enchondroma tissues. " 12/01/1980 - "All chondromas were found to be diploid (normal nuclear DNA content). " 10/01/1979 - "In 23 chondromas the Feulgen DNA content was diploid and showed a unimodal normal distribution. " 01/01/1998 - "The mean DNA content, the percentage of hyperdiploid cells, the percentage of DNA aneuploid cells, and the 2c deviation index were all significantly higher in PSC than in enchondromas (P < 0.01). " 01/01/1998 - "All enchondromas gave diploid DNA histograms but non-diploid histograms were obtained i eight cases (40 per cent) of PSC, with significant populations of hyperdiploid and DNA aneuploid cells. "
7.	Bone Cements (Bone Glue)IBA 09/28/2023 - "This study aimed to introduce a technique of external fixation using a combination of bone cement and K-wires, to treat pathological fractures related to solitary digital enchondroma close to the finger joints. " 09/28/2023 - "The combination of bone cement and K-wires is a reliable technique for pathological fracture related to solitary enchondroma close to the joints of the digits, leading to good functional outcomes. " 07/13/2018 - "Enchondromas and atypical cartilaginous tumors at the proximal humerus treated with intralesional resection and bone cement filling with or without osteosynthesis: retrospective analysis of 42 cases with 6 years mean follow-up." 07/13/2018 - "Rigorous intralesional resection and filling with polymethylmethacrylate bone cement has been proposed for enchondromas but also for ACT, as an alternative for extralesional resection. " 01/01/2005 - "Enchondroma was resected with cutterage, the walls of osseus cavity cleaned with reamer and bone loss filled up with bone grafts or bone cement. "
8.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 04/15/2002 - "In the current study, the authors evaluated biologic markers for various chondrocytic phenotypes by histochemical and immunohistochemical technology in a large series of clinically well defined cases of enchondromas and conventional chondrosarcomas, each with at least 5 years of clinical follow-up. " 10/18/2017 - "Histological distinction between enchondroma and chondrosarcoma is difficult because of a lack of definitive biomarkers. " 07/01/2015 - "Identification of novel biomarker candidates for immunohistochemical diagnosis to distinguish low-grade chondrosarcoma from enchondroma." 03/01/2017 - "Use of MicroRNA biomarkers to distinguish enchondroma from low-grade chondrosarcoma." 07/01/2015 - "Currently, no adequate immunohistochemical diagnostic protein biomarkers are available to distinguish low-grade chondrosarcoma from enchondroma. "
9.	CateninsIBA 03/01/2013 - "The chondroma-like masses were present in the flanking periosteum by 5 weeks and persisted for more than 6 months after β-catenin ablation. " 03/01/2013 - "Unexpectedly, while studying the role of β-catenin in cartilage development, we found that its conditional deletion induces ectopic chondroma-like cartilage formation in mice. " 03/01/2013 - "Loss of β-catenin induces multifocal periosteal chondroma-like masses in mice." 03/01/2013 - "The findings in our study indicate that loss of β-catenin expression in chondrocytes induces periosteal chondroma-like masses and may be linked to, and cause, the persistence of cartilage caps in osteochondromas." 01/01/2019 - "Inhibiting Wnt/β-Catenin pathway suppresses development of skeletal anomalies including enchondroma and osteosarcoma. "
10.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)IBA 05/01/2019 - "Enchondromas were HIF-1-alpha and VEGF negative, whereas all chondrosarcoma exhibited HIF-1-alpha and VEGF immunostaining. " 03/01/2000 - "Enchondromas and grade 1 CS, most without ICV, did not express VEGE In summary, PCV are present in all categories of tumoral cartilage and the number increases with histological grade; ICV are found in high-grade lesions, and the exceptions show extensive necrosis; VEGF expression by malignant chondrocytes is seen in high-grade lesions almost exclusively, and among these in those lesions that showed intracartilage vessels. " 03/01/2000 - "We examined the microvasculature and VEGF expression in 26 cartilaginous lesions (CL) including 5 enchondromas, 9 grade 1 chondrosarcoma (CS), 6 grade 2 CS, 4 grade 3 CS, 1 mesenchymal, and 1 myxoid chondrosarcoma. " 05/01/2019 - "We immunostained 20 samples of chondrosarcoma and 20 samples of enchondromas with antibodies against hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1-alpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). " 01/01/2011 - "This study investigates the expression of VEGF together with other growth factors and proliferation markers such as TGFβ2, Ki-67, TNF, FGF1, P53 in 8 cases of hand chondroma treated with courettage, in order to define the ethiopathogenesis of this tumour and the clinical significance of the resulting immunohistochemical profile, with particular respect to angiogenesis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Curettage 02/01/2017 - "The gold standard treatment for enchondroma in the hand is curettage and filling of the defect. " 01/01/2023 - "This study suggests that simple curettage with impaction grafting of allogeneic cancellous bone chip is a feasible method for treating solitary enchondromas involving short tubular bone of the hand with good long-term outcomes. " 03/01/2020 - "This study aimed to evaluate our new curettage tool for treating enchondroma of the distal phalanx. " 01/01/2020 - "In addition, this study analysed functional and oncological outcomes in patients with enchondromas or ACT of the pelvis treated with curettage or resection. " 08/01/2017 - "In addition, this study determined risk factors that are associated with local recurrence of enchondroma or ACT treated with curettage. "
2.	Bone Transplantation (Bone Grafting) 10/01/2010 - "After comparing our results with those of other studies, we conclude that additional bone-grafting does not improve the recurrence rate of solitary enchondromas of the hand." 01/01/2015 - "The fracture was internally fixed using a strut bone grafting after resection of the chondroma. " 01/01/2009 - "Additional bone grafting in the treatment of enchondromas is not necessary and should be reserved for particular indications." 01/01/1991 - "Bone grafting unnecessary in the treatment of enchondromas in the hand." 07/01/2023 - "Solitary hand enchondroma can be effectively treated with adequate curettage, with or without autologous bone grafting, with positive functional and radiological outcomes. "
3.	Gas Lasers 01/01/1999 - "Adjunctive treatment of enchondromas with CO2 laser." 01/01/2014 - "Right arytenoidectomy and biopsy were performed under general anesthesia with CO2 laser with the pathological diagnosis of chondroma. " 01/01/1999 - "The use of CO2 laser is safe and effective as an adjunct to curettage and bone grafting in the management of relatively large enchondromas of the tubular bones of the hand." 01/01/1999 - "Fourteen enchondromas, in eight patients, involving the tubular bones of the hand, were treated with curettage, CO2 laser sterilization of the tumor margins followed by autologous bone grafting. "
4.	Injections 06/01/2016 - "In summary, satisfying results are described, making the use of injectable bone graft substitute in the surgical treatment of enchondromas, as well as in trauma hand surgery a good choice. " 02/01/2017 - "Treatment of hand enchondroma with injectable calcium phosphate cement: a series of eight cases." 02/01/2017 - "Overall, these results show that curettage of a hand enchondroma followed by filling of the defect with injectable calcium phosphate cement is a simple, reliable technique with no donor site morbidity, as long as cement does not leak out." 03/01/2003 - "Painful soft-tissue reaction to injectable Norian SRS calcium phosphate cement after curettage of enchondromas." 01/01/2013 - "This study demonstrated the outcomes of early management of phalangeal enchondromas with pathologic fractures using a lateral approach and injectable calcium sulfate cement for reconstruction. "
5.	Knee Replacement Arthroplasty (Total Knee Replacement) 09/01/2020 - "This study reports 2 patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis, scheduled for total knee arthroplasty, who had a distal femoral lesion on imaging suggestive of ACT/enchondroma. " 09/01/2020 - "Total Knee Arthroplasty and Atypical Cartilaginous Tumor/Enchondroma of the Distal Femur." 06/01/2022 - "Erratum to 'Total Knee Arthroplasty and Atypical Cartilaginous Tumor/Enchondroma of the Distal Femur' [Arthroplasty Today 6 (2020) 521-525]." 11/01/1986 - "A case is reported in which an epithelioid sarcoma developed in an apparently benign enchondroma or bone infarct at the site of a chrome-cobalt total knee replacement."