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Cholestasis

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Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).

Also Known As:

Bile Duct Obstructions; Biliary Stases; Cholestases; Duct Obstruction, Bile; Duct Obstructions, Bile; Obstruction, Bile Duct; Obstructions, Bile Duct; Stases, Biliary; Stasis, Biliary; Bile Duct Obstruction; Biliary Stasis

Networked: 4200 relevant articles (227 outcomes, 365 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Digestive System Diseases: 31
- Biliary Tract Diseases: 296
  - Bile Duct Diseases: 40
    - Cholestasis: 4200
      - Intrahepatic Cholestasis: 840
      - Extrahepatic Cholestasis: 209

Related Diseases

1.	Pruritus (Itching)
2.	Biliary Liver Cirrhosis (Primary Biliary Cirrhosis)
3.	Liver Diseases (Liver Disease)
4.	Intrahepatic Cholestasis
5.	Necrosis

Experts

1.	Trauner, Michael: 36 articles (06/2010 - 01/2002)
2.	Alpini, Gianfranco: 21 articles (07/2009 - 05/2002)
3.	Fickert, Peter: 19 articles (06/2010 - 01/2002)
4.	Wagner, Martin: 18 articles (06/2010 - 09/2003)
5.	Glaser, Shannon: 17 articles (07/2009 - 05/2002)
6.	Francis, Heather: 17 articles (07/2009 - 05/2002)
7.	Zollner, Gernot: 16 articles (06/2010 - 01/2002)
8.	Marzioni, Marco: 16 articles (02/2009 - 05/2002)
9.	Ueno, Yoshiyuki: 16 articles (07/2008 - 05/2002)
10.	Dehpour, Ahmad Reza: 15 articles (07/2010 - 04/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cholestasis:

1.	Ursodeoxycholic Acid (Urso)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2006 - "We have investigated whether maternal obstructive cholestasis during pregnancy (OCP) causes oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat placenta and whether treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, i.g., 60 microg/100 g b.wt./day, following complete biliary obstruction on day 14 of pregnancy) has protective effects on this organ. " 03/01/2003 - "Cholestasis and liver function tests improved significantly during treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (750 mg per day). " 12/01/1997 - "[Successful therapy of persistent androgen-induced cholestasis with ursodeoxycholic acid]" 03/01/2000 - "These cases suggest that ursodeoxycholic acid may be an effective treatment for drug-associated cholestasis." 10/01/1995 - "In an uncontrolled series of three patients with cholestasis of pregnancy, ursodeoxycholic acid seemed to provide safe and effective therapy." Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	BilirubinIBA 01/01/1997 - "The results showed a significant reduction in the measured gallbladder area in group II alcoholics, but not in patients of group I. Furthermore, three weeks of treatment with Pergoli water significantly reduced to normal total and direct bilirubin levels, the enzyme markers of biliary stasis and the subjective sensation of itch. " 08/01/1999 - "The measurement of CB in blood is superior to the measurement of direct bilirubin because an abnormal concentration of direct bilirubin does not necessarily indicate the presence of cholestasis." 12/01/1980 - "In one patient, it was observed that continuous PTCD over three weeks was effective in reducing serum bilirubin by relief of cholestasis. " 12/01/2006 - "Cholestasis and levels of bilirubin improved over time. " 02/01/1980 - "The hepatic clearance of unconjugated radiobilirubin was normal at all times in this patient, although during cholestasis, conjugated bilirubin reflexed from the liver to the plasma and was then cleared slowly with a half life of approximately 12 hours. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Bile Acids and Salts (Bile Acids)IBA 01/01/2010 - "CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that loss of Ostalpha provides protection from liver injury in obstructive cholestasis through adaptive responses in both the kidney and liver that enhance clearance of bile acids into urine and through detoxification pathways most likely mediated by the nuclear receptor Car." 01/01/2003 - "CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that there is a functional adaptive downregulation of renal tubular bile acid transport enhancing renal clearance of bile acids during the early phase of an obstructive cholestasis." 03/24/1989 - "These findings indicate that altered metabolism, such as 1 beta- or 6 alpha-hydroxylation of bile acids, is enhanced in cholestasis, and that the resulting hydroxylated metabolites are eliminated in the urine." 02/15/2010 - "Results from these studies demonstrate that activation of MAPK signaling is required for upregulation of Egr-1 by bile acids in hepatocytes and for upregulation of Egr-1 in the liver during cholestasis. " 07/01/2008 - "In conclusion, the present study clearly demonstrated that OAT3 is responsible for renal secretion of bile acids during cholestasis and that the pharmacokinetic profile of OAT3 substrates may be affected by cholestasis." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Rifampin (Rifampicin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/18/1989 - "Both drugs were equally effective in inducing hepatic microsomal function but rifampicin has the additional effect of reducing cholestasis. " 10/01/2009 - "The aim of this study was to characterize the expression and localization of hepatocyte tight junctions in rifampicin-induced cholestasis in mice. " 10/22/2004 - "Consistent with these studies, the antibiotic rifampicin, a ligand for human PXR, reduces hepatic bile acid levels in cholestasis patients. " 10/01/2009 - "Taken together, these results suggest that the altered integrity and internalization of hepatocyte tight junctions are associated with rifampicin-induced cholestasis." 10/01/2009 - "Cholestasis was induced by administration of rifampicin (200 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days or treatment with a single dose of rifampicin (200 mg/kg) by gastric intubation. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	EnzymesIBA 01/01/1982 - "[Clinical and experimental studies of membrane bound enzymes in cholestasis (author's transl)]" 04/01/1979 - "The rise of the activity of the enzymes under study within the first days after operation and its normalization by the 7th to 14th days in all the studied variants of hemo- an cholestasis have been established." 01/01/1974 - "Histochemical studies of hepatic enzymes in dogs subjected to lobar bile duct obstruction." 07/01/1973 - "Histochemical study of so-called "marker enzymes of cholestasis" during extrahepatic bile duct obstruction in the rat." 11/01/2009 - "Therefore, CAR and PXR have a protective effect on cholestasis by activating both detoxification enzymes and transporters. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Biological Markers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 01/01/2001 - "Multicenter randomised controlled trials proved that the treatment is associated with a marked improvement in serum biochemical markers of cholestasis, i.e. " 09/01/2006 - "Improvement in symptoms was associated with a significant improvement in biochemical markers of cholestasis. " 04/01/2000 - "This therapy also causes a significant improvement of all the biochemical markers of cholestasis but has no beneficial effects on any of the symptoms or associated disorders. " 09/01/2009 - "This (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance metabonomics study was aimed to determine urinary biomarkers of cholestasis resulting from inhibition of biliary secretion of bile or obstruction of bile flow. " 05/01/2010 - "These results will be useful for identification of biomarkers for cholestasis and for determination of adaptive molecular mechanisms in cholestasis." Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Alkaline PhosphataseIBA 01/22/1996 - "Treatment-related decreases in alkaline phosphatase activity occurred, however, in 39-56% of the studies; serum alkaline phosphatase may be more useful as an indicator of decreased food intake (decreased activity) than of cholestasis (increased activity). " 01/01/1982 - "Studies on the mechanism of the increase in serum alkaline phosphatase activity in cholestasis: significance of the hepatic bile acid concentration for the leakage of alkaline phosphatase from rat liver." 05/01/2007 - "Elevation of hepatic aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase with cholestasis was common." 01/19/2006 - "Laboratory findings of elevated alkaline phosphatase and gamma-GT indicate the presence of cholestasis. " 07/01/2005 - "Cholestasis started on the 3rd-6th day and lasted up to the 11th-25th day, with maximum median levels of gamma-GT and serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) of up to 4.38 (range 2.33-8.25) and 1.49 (range 0.63-2.56) times the upper limit of normal, respectively. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	CholesterolIBA 06/01/1986 - "Since microtubules play an important role in the intracellular transport of many materials, including cholesterol, the present study was undertaken to assess the extent to which they participate in the development of LCA-Na-induced cholestasis. " 08/01/2010 - "Cholesterol homeostasis was disturbed so that low cholesterol absorption was not associated with compensatory increase in cholesterol synthesis that decreased together with worsening of cholestasis." 07/01/2010 - "Enzyme activities indicating cholestasis were increased together with blood cholesterol. " 05/01/2010 - "Although the exact etiology of cholestasis is incompletely understood, it is hypothesized that ATP8B1 deficiency results in enhanced cholesterol extraction from the canalicular membrane, which impairs the function of the bile salt export pump (BSEP), resulting in cholestasis. " 01/01/2010 - "Although rare in Korea, SLOS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neonatal cholestasis, especially in patients with multiple congenital anomalies and low serum cholesterol levels." Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Taurine FDA Link 01/01/1992 - "Taurine therapy is recommended, because it might be effective for treating neonatal cholestasis." 12/01/1992 - "Although simultaneous addition of UDCA also showed slight improvement, with or without taurine pre-treatment, biliary bile-salt analysis also showed that cholestasis was markedly remitted as the excretion of taurine-conjugated UDCA was increased. " 10/01/2005 - "Taurine and cholestasis associated to TPN. " 05/01/2003 - "The data show that oral supplementation of taurine induces Mrp2 and Bsep expression and may prevent LPS-induced cholestasis." 05/01/2003 - "The effect of oral taurine supplementation on endotoxin-induced cholestasis was investigated in rat liver. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDT)IBA 05/01/2005 - "However, PDT leads to a significant reduction of cholestasis. " 08/01/2006 - "In a randomized trial of patients with nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma, PDT prolonged survival time, improved cholestasis and quality of life considerably, and had a favorable side-effect profile. " 01/01/2009 - "The local tumour ablation and correction of obstructive cholestasis with PDT will allow for novel multimodal strategies to treat cholangiocarcinoma." 11/01/2005 - "OBJECTIVES: Preliminary uncontrolled studies of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of bile duct cancer (BDC) have shown astonishingly good results in the reduction of cholestasis, improvement of life quality, and potential improvement of survival time. " 07/01/2001 - "OBJECTIVES: Preliminary results of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of bile duct cancer have shown astonishingly good results in the reduction of cholestasis, improvement of quality of life, and even prolongation of the survival time. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Parenteral Nutrition 02/01/2008 - "CONCLUSION: Cholestasis remains an important complication of parenteral nutrition, and several clinical and biochemical factors may be helpful in identifying high-risk patients." 05/01/2007 - "Although it has been more than a quarter of a century since parenteral nutrition was first introduced and its association with hepatic complications described, the precise etiology of parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC) remains a mystery; however, our understanding of the molecular components that contribute to PNAC has improved substantially. " 03/01/1999 - "Although Vit E-supplemented parenteral nutrition was effective in preventing the development of cholestasis in the 10-day group (p < 0.05), it was not effective in the 20-day group when compared with incidence of cholestasis in the parenteral nutrition-only group (p > 0.05). " 06/01/2010 - "RECENT FINDINGS: In several animal models of PNALD, the use of an intravenous fish oil-based lipid emulsion improved parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis without resultant essential fatty acid deficiency or growth impairment. " 07/15/2006 - "Full remission or partial improvement of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis occurred in 11 of 12 children. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 08/01/1999 - "One month after treatment, there was a significant improvement in the cholestasis indicating parameters in all Fasciola cases compared to the pretreatment ones. " 01/01/2007 - "In rats treated once with ANIT (75 mg/kg, i.p.), liver injury with cholestasis occurred 24 h after treatment and progressed at 48 h. " 01/01/2007 - "Before therapy, the hepatic cholestasis was present in 20 patients (54.05%), and after treatment in 14 patients (37.83%). " 07/01/2006 - "The distinction between these 2 diseases has prognostic implications: idiopathic cholestasis is usually reversible in early-stage HL after treatment, whereas patients who develop VBDS commonly die from their disease. " 09/01/1999 - "One patient developed biochemical cholestasis the third day after treatment, but her enzyme profiles returned to normal after 2 months. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Ligation 08/27/1997 - "These results suggest that UR-906 has a beneficial effect against cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation in rats and that this drug may be useful in the treatment of clinical cholestatic disorders." 01/01/1994 - "A reduced efficacy of VIP (43% of the control) without modification in its potency (ED50 = 2.2 nM) was observed in regenerating rat liver after cholestasis (bile duct ligation). " 09/01/2009 - "Overall, survival and various aspects of liver injury were analyzed in wild-type and Bid(-/-) mice after bile duct ligation (BDL), a commonly used model to study obstructive cholestasis in mice. " 05/01/2009 - "BACKGROUND/AIMS: To study in the rat whether oxidative stress appears early in a model of short-term cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation. " 05/01/2008 - "BACKGROUND: Although bile duct ligation (BDL) in mice is used to study cholestasis, a detailed description of this animal model is lacking. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Photochemotherapy (Photodynamic Therapy) 03/01/1998 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy on cholestasis, quality of life, and survival in these patients. " 10/18/2006 - "Photodynamic therapy, a light therapy, is the first approach leading to an improvement of cholestasis and quality of life as well as to a prolongation of survival time. " 08/17/2000 - "Preliminary data of photodynamic therapy in bile duct cancer show good results concerning reduction of cholestasis, improvement of life quality and even prolongation of survival time. " 05/01/2004 - "Endoscopic procedures, such as PTC- or ERC-stenting and photodynamic therapy, are important supportive therapies which can help to maintain the bile flow and consequently improve survival and quality of life of patients with malignant bile duct obstructions." 11/01/2005 - "OBJECTIVES: Preliminary uncontrolled studies of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of bile duct cancer (BDC) have shown astonishingly good results in the reduction of cholestasis, improvement of life quality, and potential improvement of survival time. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Total Parenteral Nutrition 08/01/1994 - "Prevention of total parenteral nutrition-induced cholestasis by low non-protein energy supply: an animal experiment and clinical study." 07/01/1993 - "To evaluate total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (TPN-C) in infants, a retrospective clinicopathologic study was conducted of 15 infants who had received TPN. " 07/01/1993 - "Total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in infants: clinical and liver histologic studies." 08/01/1985 - "Total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis: acute studies in infant and adult rabbits." 01/01/1983 - "Cholestasis and total parenteral nutrition: in vivo studies on dogs." Order ALL the reference details at left...

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