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Brain Hypoxia (Cerebral Hypoxia)

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A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.

Also Known As:

Cerebral Hypoxia; Anoxic Brain Damage; Hypoxia, Brain; Anoxia, Cerebral; Brain Anoxia; Hypoxia, Cerebral; Hypoxic Brain Damage; Anoxic Encephalopathies; Brain Damage, Anoxic; Brain Damage, Hypoxic; Damage, Anoxic Brain; Damage, Hypoxic Brain; Encephalopathies, Anoxic; Encephalopathies, Hypoxic; Encephalopathy, Anoxic; Hypoxic Encephalopathies; Anoxia, Brain; Anoxic Encephalopathy; Cerebral Anoxia; Encephalopathy, Hypoxic; Hypoxic Encephalopathy

Networked: 638 relevant articles (34 outcomes, 56 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Nervous System Diseases: 4248
- Central Nervous System Diseases: 1160
  - Brain Diseases: 1384
    - Brain Hypoxia: 638
      - Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia: 481

Related Diseases

1.	Anoxia (Hypoxia)
2.	Ischemia
3.	Brain Injuries (Brain Injury)
4.	Hypothermia
5.	Status Epilepticus (Complex Partial Status Epilepticus)

Experts

1.	Delivoria-Papadopoulos, Maria: 11 articles (08/2010 - 01/2002)
2.	Mishra, Om P: 9 articles (08/2010 - 01/2002)
3.	Maloney-Wilensky, Eileen: 7 articles (11/2011 - 10/2006)
4.	Ashraf, Qazi M: 6 articles (06/2008 - 01/2002)
5.	Kofke, W Andrew: 5 articles (12/2011 - 04/2009)
6.	Levine, Joshua M: 5 articles (11/2011 - 04/2009)
7.	Frangos, Suzanne: 5 articles (11/2011 - 04/2009)
8.	Le Roux, Peter D: 5 articles (06/2011 - 10/2006)
9.	Leroux, Peter D: 4 articles (11/2011 - 03/2004)
10.	Stiefel, Michael F: 4 articles (07/2011 - 03/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Brain Hypoxia:

1.	OxygenIBA 01/01/1996 - "Although the key to protection against cerebral hypoxia cannot be established, it is possible that an increase in the usually short period of acclimatization could minimize brain damage in those low-landers who attempt the highest summits without supplementary oxygen." 10/01/2008 - "This study aimed to prepare a hypoxic brain damage model in the neonatal rat using a new approach, 0% oxygen exposure, and to explore the reliability and advantages of the new model. " 01/01/2002 - "The aim of our study was to perform and in-depth analysis of several episodes of regional brain hypoxia detected by monitoring brain partial pressure of oxygen (PtiO2) in which simultaneous measurements of cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (O2EF) suggested a normally perfused or even a hyperemic brain. " 11/01/1971 - "[Oxygen respiration under increased pressure as a method for the control of cerebral hypoxia (experimental study)]." 12/01/2010 - "Cerebral hypoxia was induced by varying inspired oxygen levels. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	CalciumIBA 09/01/2004 - "Glial perspectives of metabolic states during cerebral hypoxia--calcium regulation and metabolic energy." 02/01/1996 - "Calcium entry blockers appear promising as a treatment for postischemic-anoxic encephalopathy. " 12/01/1992 - "To investigate mechanisms of cerebral anoxia tolerance, cerebrocortical intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and pH (pHi) regulation were compared in turtles (Trachemys scripta) and laboratory rats. " 12/01/1992 - "Cerebral anoxia tolerance in turtles: regulation of intracellular calcium and pH." 02/21/1992 - "We tested the hypothesis that suppression of inward calcium current in presynaptic terminals is the cause of failure of synaptic transmission early during cerebral hypoxia. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	FlunarizineIBA 05/01/1985 - "Flunarizine has been tested both against brain hypoxia and SD. " 04/01/1982 - "These results indicate that flunarizine possesses a universal protective effect against cerebral hypoxia-anoxia, through the mechanism involved remains to be clarified. " 04/01/1982 - "The protective effect of flunarizine against cerebral hypoxia-anoxia was investigated with various experimental models in mice and rats. " 04/01/1982 - "Protective effect of flunarizine against cerebral hypoxia-anoxia in mice and rats." 04/01/1982 - "The oral treatment of animals with flunarizine resulted in a consistent and long-lasting-protection against cerebral hypoxia-anoxia in all the models examined: Cytotoxic anoxia by KCN injection, hypercapnic anoxia induced by stopping artificial respiration, hypobaric hypoxia and normobaric hypoxia. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Nicardipine (Dagan)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1989 - "To study the protective effects of nicardipine on brain hypoxia, the same techniques were also used after the inhalation. " 01/01/1986 - "Nicardipine: protection against brain hypoxia." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Erythropoietin FDA Link 01/01/2011 - "Experimental evidence of the potential use of erythropoietin by intranasal administration as a neuroprotective agent in cerebral hypoxia." 10/01/2005 - "Brain hypoxia inducible factor and erythropoietin contents were assessed by means of Western blotting at 3, 8, and 24 hours after treatment (n = 3 per time point). " 01/01/2007 - "These data support the presence of favorable protective effects of erythropoietin against the long-term consequences of acute hypoxia in the developing brain and raise the possibility of its investigation as a potential neuroprotective agent after human neonatal hypoxic encephalopathy." 12/01/2005 - "Apart from its hematopoietic function, erythropoietin (Epo) exerts neuroprotective functions in brain hypoxia and ischemia. " 10/01/2011 - "The effect of erythropoietin, an oxygen-sensitive cytokine that mediates protection against CM, on cerebral hypoxia was studied in C57BL/6 mice. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Propranolol (Inderal)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated treatment with propranolol improved cerebral perfusion by 152% (p value <0.01) and reduced cerebral hypoxia by 24.2% (p value <0.01) compared with treatment with placebo. " 01/01/2009 - "Propranolol in vivo increased cerebral perfusion and decreased cerebral hypoxia. " 02/01/2010 - "In vivo models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) demonstrate increased cerebral perfusion, decreased cerebral hypoxia, reduced cerebral edema, and improved neurologic recovery with propranolol administration. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)IBA 08/01/2004 - "These studies demonstrate that K(ATP) channels are an ubiquituous feature of mammalian neurons and may, indeed, play a protective role in brain hypoxia." 05/05/2010 - "In conclusion, H(2)S exerts a protective effect against cerebral hypoxia induced neuronal cell death via K(ATP)/PKC/ERK1/2/Hsp90 pathway. " 10/01/2004 - "ATP/PCr levels were the same in groups 3 and 4 denoting the same degree of cerebral hypoxia in all hypoxic animals. " 12/01/2001 - "During graded hypoxia, cerebral tissue ATP decreased from 4.80 +/- 0.58 (normoxic) to 1.03 +/- 0.38 (ranging from 0.61-1.63) micromol/g brain (p < 0.05) and PCr decreased from 3.94 +/- 0.75 (normoxic) to 0.99 +/- 0.27 (ranging from 0.50 to 1.31) micromol/g brain (p < 0.05). " 12/01/2001 - "During recovery from hypoxia, brain PCr and ATP concentrations returned to baseline in wild-types but were 20% higher than baseline in the mutants. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	Protons (Proton)IBA 03/01/2009 - "In two children with near drowning hypoxic encephalopathy and normal-appearing structural MRI, acute proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) showed biochemical alterations that correctly indicated prognosis and helped to guide management decisions. " 10/01/1998 - "The purpose of this study was to describe the MR imaging findings in children with hypoxic encephalopathy caused by near drowning and to compare these findings with the results of qualitative and quantitative proton MR spectroscopy and clinical outcome. " 10/01/1998 - "MR of hypoxic encephalopathy in children after near drowning: correlation with quantitative proton MR spectroscopy and clinical outcome." 03/01/1992 - "Significant new information has resulted by applying proton MRS in chronic hepatic encephalopathy, diabetes mellitus and severe hypoxic encephalopathy ('near-drowning'). " 03/01/2010 - "To assess the feasibility of foetal cerebral lactate detection and quantification by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) in pregnancies at increased risk of cerebral hypoxia, using a clinical 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	KATP ChannelsIBA 05/01/2006 - "These studies demonstrate that KATP channels act as an upstream antagonist of p53 in hippocampal CA1 neurons, and suggests their protective role in cerebral hypoxia." 08/01/2004 - "Protective role of neuronal KATP channels in brain hypoxia." 12/10/2008 - "Cumulative evidence suggests that the activation of neuronal ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels may have inherent protective effects during cerebral hypoxia, yet little information regarding the therapeutic effects of KATP channel openers is available. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Diazepam (Valium)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1987 - "Diazemuls infusion was effective in one patient with complex partial status epilepticus; in another patient with convulsion secondary to a brain stem infarct, the convulsions were abolished; while only reduced jerking was achieved in the third patient suffering from myoclonic jerks caused by anoxic brain damage. " 12/01/2004 - "This study describes the case of a 24-year old male who developed delayed post-hypoxic encephalopathy following an unintentional methadone and diazepam overdose and who demonstrated cognitive and neurobehavioural improvements during treatment with amantadine HCl hydrochloride in a single-case, open-label design. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Resuscitation 01/01/2008 - "She regained spontaneous circulation following resuscitation, but hypoxic encephalopathy was identified. " 03/01/2007 - "After initial successful resuscitation, the patient died 1 week later due to severe hypoxic brain damage. " 07/01/2003 - "Six patients ultimately died, 2 from anoxic encephalopathy due to failed resuscitation and 4 from comorbid illness. " 04/01/2002 - "Research since around 1970 into cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation has attempted to mitigate the postischemic-anoxic encephalopathy. " 11/01/1996 - "Despite immediate resuscitation efforts the patient developed severe hypoxic brain damage and died a few days later. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Artificial Respiration (Mechanical Ventilation) 07/01/1996 - "MR imaging (MRI) and H-1 MR spectroscopy (H-1 MRS) were performed on three patients with hypoxic encephalopathy, who had need temporary mechanical ventilation, and five healthy age-matched volunteers. " 01/01/1983 - "The sequelae of slight hypoxic encephalopathy could account for some nervous long-term effects in men acutely poisoned by OP and surviving owing to mechanical ventilation." 12/01/2009 - "Around 1960 with the introduction of modern intensive care treatment (intubation, artificial respiration) the BS pattern has become a typical EEG correlate of cerebral anoxia. " 04/01/1982 - "The oral treatment of animals with flunarizine resulted in a consistent and long-lasting-protection against cerebral hypoxia-anoxia in all the models examined: Cytotoxic anoxia by KCN injection, hypercapnic anoxia induced by stopping artificial respiration, hypobaric hypoxia and normobaric hypoxia. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Chinese Traditional Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine) 06/01/1987 - "The protective effects of TJ-8007 (Tsumura-Zokumeito, Traditional chinese medicine) against cerebral anoxia were investigated with various experimental models in mice and rats. " 04/01/1989 - "It has been demonstrated that TJ-8007 (Tsumura-Zokumeito, A traditional Chinese medicine) has a protective effect against cerebral anoxia. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 04/01/1998 - "2) Mean hemispheric CBF measured by the Xe-CT method exceeded 25 ml/100 g per min. 3) The mean increase in hemispheric CBF 20 min after acetazolamide administration exceeded 5 ml/100 g per min. 4) An N20 peak was evident on the median nerve SEP, SCS appears to be an effective supplementary for unresponsive patients with hypoxic encephalopathy at the subacute stage, in addition to rehabilitation and drug therapy." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Cardiopulmonary Bypass (Heart-Lung Bypass) 09/01/1997 - "Cerebral hypoxia during cardiopulmonary bypass: a magnetic resonance imaging study." 01/01/2003 - "Myocardial and cerebral hypoxia can be complications to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. " 05/01/1997 - "During the past decade a new syndrome has been recognized: cerebral hypoxia secondary to cardiopulmonary bypass, resulting in impairment of cognitive memory. " 02/01/1996 - "We consider that NCPB is a useful technique for preventing cerebral hypoxia, if the decrease of SjVO2 during the early period of cardiopulmonary bypass is avoidable. " 08/01/1997 - "Cardiopulmonary bypass (CEC) in the surgical treatment of cardiac diseases may cause the appearance of neurological damage of an intensity which varies between minor neuropsychological disorders and global cerebral anoxia. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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