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Catalepsy

A condition characterized by inactivity, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and a tendency to maintain an immobile posture. The limbs tend to remain in whatever position they are placed (waxy flexibility). Catalepsy may be associated with PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA, CATATONIC), nervous system drug toxicity, and other conditions.

Also Known As:

Anochlesia; Anochlesias; Catalepsies; Flexibilitas, Cerea; Flexibilities, Waxy; Waxy Flexibilities; Waxy Flexibility; Cerea Flexibilitas; Flexibility, Waxy

Networked: 1727 relevant articles (58 outcomes, 149 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Parkinson Disease (Parkinson's Disease)
2.	Hypothermia
3.	Parkinsonian Disorders (Parkinsonism)
4.	Tremor (Tremors)
5.	Muscle Rigidity

Experts

1.	Kulikov, A V: 18 articles (07/2010 - 07/2001)
2.	Popova, N K: 14 articles (08/2010 - 08/2002)
3.	Svensson, Torgny H: 13 articles (08/2010 - 11/2002)
4.	Koek, Wouter: 10 articles (09/2008 - 10/2002)
5.	Tikhonova, M A: 9 articles (06/2010 - 08/2002)
6.	Wiley, Jenny L: 9 articles (12/2009 - 06/2003)
7.	Schmidt, W J: 9 articles (10/2006 - 08/2000)
8.	Schmidt, Werner J: 8 articles (06/2009 - 09/2003)
9.	France, Charles P: 8 articles (05/2009 - 01/2004)
10.	Bazovkina, D V: 7 articles (08/2010 - 01/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Catalepsy:

1.	Haloperidol (Haldol)FDA LinkGeneric 07/11/1985 - "Ablation of the frontal or parietal cortex led to a marked decrease in haloperidol catalepsy, whereas lesions of the occipital cortex, or of the olfactory bulbs did not affect catalepsy, when measured 3 weeks post lesion in all cases. " 10/15/2008 - "In addition, compound 35 had good metabolic stability with a scaled intrinsic clearance of 3 mL/min/kg (HLM) and demonstrated efficacy in the haloperidol induced catalepsy model." 01/01/1984 - "Higher doses of haloperidol (1 and 5 mg/kg) produced significantly greater catalepsy in the hyperthyroid rats and significantly reduced catalepsy in the hypothyroid rats. " 01/01/1993 - "In contrast, haloperidol was found to be more effective in inducing catalepsy after i.v. (ED50 = 0.4 mumol/kg) than after i.p. " 01/01/2010 - "Our findings of behavioral studies and biochemical estimations show that Nardostachys jatamansi reversed the haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Dopamine (Intropin)FDA LinkGeneric 06/10/2008 - "In this study two drugs that differ in antipsychotic potency but are similar in blocking dopamine D(2) receptors were used to investigate the mechanism for catalepsy and its sensitization. " 04/01/2002 - "In this study, we evaluated the role of central 5-HT(4) receptors in the control of motor behaviors related to change of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) transmission, namely, stereotyped behavior and catalepsy in rats. " 11/01/1999 - "A fundamental flaw in most of these studies may be the involvement of the "repeated measures effect," a behavioral phenomenon well demonstrated for neuroleptic-induced catalepsy but not yet investigated for dopamine D1 antagonists. " 06/01/1997 - "In this study, the relationship between in vivo dopamine D1 and D2 receptor occupancies and catalepsy was investigated to predict the intensity of catalepsy induced by drugs that bind to D1 and D2 receptors nonselectively. " 02/25/2009 - "On the catalepsy test, reduced latencies to movement onset were observed mainly in female offspring, indicating influences on dopamine-dependent behavior. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2004 - "RESULTS: Delta(9)-THC alone produced slightly greater antinociception, and significantly greater catalepsy in females than males. " 11/21/2006 - "The present study investigated the involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) (5-HT(1A)) receptors in Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced catalepsy-like immobilization in mice. " 01/24/2008 - "Bilateral microinjection of THC into the NAc region induced catalepsy-like immobilization. " 01/24/2008 - "Moreover, THC-induced catalepsy was abolished by lesions in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and central amygdala (ACE) regions. " 01/24/2008 - "THC dose-dependently induced catalepsy-like immobilization. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Levodopa (L Dopa)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1972 - "The effect of L-dopa on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy." 12/01/2008 - "On the other hand, its administration with high dose of coenzyme Q10 caused the most marked symptomatic improvement in catalepsy score when compared to its administration with low dose of coenzyme Q10, or when compared to either coenzyme Q10 high dose or L-dopa, respectively. " 01/01/2005 - "Potentiation of anti-catatonic effect of sub-effective dose of L-dopa and reversal of sulpiride-induced catalepsy was also observed by compound 5c. " 05/05/2004 - "L-DOPA plus benserazide counteracted catalepsy dose-dependently and increased locomotor activity. " 01/01/2002 - "At a dose 1250 times the ED50 for apomorphine and L-DOPA dependent tests, GZR-123 did not cause acute toxicity and did not provoke catalepsy." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Morphine (MS Contin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1983 - "Previous studies suggested that the nucleus accumbens (ACB) is relevant for mediating morphine-induced akinesia and catalepsy. " 01/01/1952 - "[Electromyographic study of morphine catalepsy in rat.]" 12/08/2009 - "This was confirmed by augmented catalepsy after morphine (2.5 mg/kg, s.c.) injection. " 03/01/2009 - "The nucleus accumbens and limbic basal ganglia circuitry are implicated in the expression of various morphine-induced motor behaviours and catalepsy. " 03/01/2009 - "Chronic intermittent morphine treatment can reduce catalepsy and increase locomotor behaviour and stereotypy induced by morphine, even after prolonged periods of abstinence. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Amphetamine (Amfetamine)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2005 - "KK13 is thus the first NT[8-13] analogue described to date that demonstrates inhibition of amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion without inducing catalepsy while maintaining day-to-day hypothermic potency." 02/01/2005 - "The results revealed that the extract caused a decrease in spontaneous activity and induced catalepsy in mice up to 240 min. The extract significantly protected the mice against amphetamine-induced toxicity and decreased the conditioned response in rats, in a dose-related manner. " 02/01/2005 - "roots on locomotor activity, catalepsy test, amphetamine-induced toxicity and active-avoidance test were studied. " 05/01/2003 - "On the basis of the results of catalepsy and amphetamine-induced stereotypy, the compounds demonstrated an inhibitory effect on dopaminergic behaviors. " 01/01/1997 - "In rats, the NNC-compounds blocked conditioned avoidance responding and attenuated the discriminative stimulus effects of amphetamine, but failed to induce catalepsy. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Reserpine (Serpasil)FDA Link 10/01/2002 - "BW A616U reduced the behavioral effects, ptosis and catalepsy, due to monoamine depletion by 2.5 mg/kg reserpine, but these signs of monoamine depletion were evident 24 h after injection. " 04/17/2001 - "Except for reserpine, catalepsy scores were significantly lower in A2AR KO mice than in A2AR WT mice following low doses of these cataleptogenic agents. " 12/01/1999 - "i.p.) was given either 15 min before reserpine or in the already established complete catalepsy 24 h thereafter. " 11/01/1979 - "ED50 values determined for reversal of reserpine-induced catalepsy were used to rank drug potency and correlated with molecular structure. " 03/01/1973 - "Regional neurochemical correlates of reserpine induced catalepsy in mouse central nervous system." Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	RacloprideIBA 07/01/2000 - "Raclopride (2 mg/kg) produced on average 95% and 87% D2 receptor occupancy 1 and 2 h after administration, respectively, and maximum catalepsy. " 07/01/2000 - "Raclopride (0.5-2 mg/kg) produced 83-95% D2 occupancy and significant catalepsy. " 07/01/2000 - "Using [3H]-raclopride, cold raclopride (0.01-0.2 mg/kg) produced 16-77% D2 receptor occupancy and no catalepsy. " 03/01/2000 - "phasic responsivity, in mesocortically projecting DA neurons, and also potentiate the CAR suppressant effect of the selective D(2)/D(3)-receptor antagonist raclopride without increasing catalepsy scores. " 04/04/1997 - "The effective doses (ED25/50) of CGS21680 and raclopride which produced equivalent reductions of spontaneous locomotion after microinfusion into the nucleus accumbens were found to induce similar degrees of catalepsy after microinfusion into the caudate-putamen. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Dopamine Receptors (Dopamine Receptor)IBA 10/01/1993 - "The present study assesses the relationships among ED50 to neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and regional brain D1 and D2 dopamine receptor binding for eight inbred strains of mice (A, AKR, BALB/c, C3H, C57BL/6, CBA, DBA/2 and LP). " 01/01/1988 - "1. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that the grooming and catalepsy behaviors, believed to be mediated predominantly by the D1 and D2 dopamine receptor based mechanism(s), respectively, are altered in the Spontaneously Diabetic Wistar-BB Rat (SDR). " 04/03/1980 - "Because the electrolytic lesioning studies have unavoidably damaged both pre- and postsynaptic striatal dopamine receptors, it is not known whether these two receptors are separately involved in neuroleptic-induced catalepsy. " 04/03/1980 - "Previous lesion studies have shown that the dopamine receptors in the striatum are involved in this neuroleptic-induced catalepsy. " 05/01/2000 - "CONCLUSIONS: These results support the idea that any drug possessing a diethylaminomethyl moiety may contribute to the induction of catalepsy, possibly by occupying dopamine receptors." Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	N-Methylaspartate (NMDA)IBA 04/09/1996 - "Both NOS inhibitors were effective in producing catalepsy, which is an effect commonly produced by competitive and uncompetitive NMDA antagonists. " 08/01/2000 - "Also, findings from studies examining the effects of NMDA-receptor blockade on forms of behavioral plasticity other than locomotor sensitization (various forms of tolerance, sensitization of catalepsy, and learning and conditioning) reinforce the view that forms of behavioral plasticity exist that are not blocked by NMDA-receptor antagonists. " 04/09/1996 - "The current studies reveal that NOS inhibitors induced two behavioral actions, discriminative stimulus effects and catalepsy, that are very selective for NMDA antagonists in pigeons." 10/01/2002 - "Because NMDA antagonists block cannabinoid-induced antinociception and catalepsy, intimate glutamatergic-cannabinoid interactions may exist in the CNS. " 04/01/2001 - "This strongly suggests that the NMDA receptor antagonists represent contextual stimuli to which catalepsy has been conditioned, and this implies that the expression of sensitization has been rendered state-dependent." Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Analgesia 12/01/2009 - "Here, we describe a selective and efficacious dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor, JZL195, and show that this agent exhibits broad activity in the tetrad test for CB1 agonism, causing analgesia, hypomotilty, and catalepsy. " 08/12/2005 - "In the cannabinoid tetrad, AA-EG induced hypomotility, analgesia, catalepsy and decreased rectal temperature indicating cannabimimetic activity. " 09/01/2002 - "We report that SEA has the same effects as AEA on catalepsy, motility, analgesia, and body temperature of mice and that specific binding sites for SEA are present in mouse brain and are most abundant in cortex. " 11/01/1994 - "Analgesia from the periaqueductal gray or nucleus accumbens was accompanied by decreased locomotor activity and catalepsy, whereas analgesia from the posterior hypothalamic area or ventral tegmentum was accompanied by a noticeable increase in locomotor activity and rearing. " 06/24/1992 - "In addition, these reinforcing properties were related to behavioral modifications such as analgesia, assessed with the tail-flick method, and increased catalepsy, evaluated by a scoring system. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Oral Administration 01/01/2001 - "DHA-clozapine is a long-acting central depressant with powerful and prolonged antidopaminergic activity after oral administration or injection without inducing catalepsy, and it markedly reduced peripheral exposure to free clozapine. " 08/15/2010 - "A high-throughput screening campaign identified 4-((E)-styryl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamine (11) as a positive allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtype 4. An evaluation of the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of 11 is described and the efficacy of this compound in a haloperidol-induced catalepsy rat model following oral administration is presented." 12/01/2008 - "Oral administration of Co Q10 in a low dose 200 mg/kg/day (group III) or a high dose 600 mg/kg/day (group IV), resulted in amelioration of the mitochondrial induced apoptosis by dose-dependent restoration of striatal complex I activity, ATP levels with temperate increase in expression of Bcl-2 as well as decrease in catalepsy score. " 11/01/1986 - "CM 30366 induced stereotyped behaviour and antagonized haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats, after parenteral and oral administration. " 12/01/2008 - "As a current replacement therapy, oral administration of levodopa 10 mg/kg/day (group V), caused symptomatic improvement in the form of reduction of catalepsy score with restoration of striatal dopamine levels, but it did not show any significant effects on either striatal complex I activity, ATP levels or the expression of Bcl-2, pointing to the lack of its disease-modifying role. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Injections 03/01/2009 - "The animals tested for locomotor activity and catalepsy for two weeks follow-up post-injections plus one week of drug withdrawal were decapitated to collect mPFC regions of rat brain for neurochemical analysis by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). " 09/01/2008 - "The drug injections, which modulated the audiogenic fit severity, induced the changes in catalepsy too. " 03/01/1995 - "Catalepsy was measured after the second through the seventh injections of the depot neuroleptic. " 10/20/1987 - "Microinjections of KA, 25 ng, into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) do not increase the muscle tone and lead to significantly less pronounced catalepsy relative to that observed following the injections of KA into the SNR. " 04/19/1985 - "Lesioned subjects receiving vehicle injections showed no catalepsy. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Hypnosis (Mesmerism) 10/01/1996 - "It was found that of the three tests of catalepsy currently in use, only one has the potential for being a test of hypnosis proper and can also justifiably be said to be "of catalepsy." This one test, however, has many serious weaknesses that need to be eliminated if it is to be truly useful." 01/01/2006 - "[Objective EEG correlates of deprivation in hypnosis-modulated catalepsy]" 10/01/1996 - "In light of this response, and considering both the scientific importance of being able to identify the presence of hypnosis and the fact that catalepsy may account for up to eight of the other indications of hypnosis in use, it is relevant to inquire into the reliability and validity of catalepsy tests. " 04/01/2008 - "The psychobiological dynamics of eating disorders have demonstrated significant hypnotic phenomena such as forms of dissociation, hallucination, time distortion and catalepsy, and therefore, pose hypnosis as a good fit for particular parts of treatment. " 09/29/1995 - "In an attempt to elucidate the physiological basis of hypnosis, we investigated the changes of whole-brain and regional cerebral glucose metabolism, from a state of resting wakefulness to a hypnotized state with whole-body catalepsy, using positron emission tomography and the 2[18F]fluorodeoxyglucose method in 15 highly hypnotizable adults. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Induced Hypothermia 12/26/1983 - "2-Br-LIS produced catalepsy in mice (ED50 3.3 mg/kg i.p.), antagonized apomorphine-induced stereotypies in mice (ED50 0.4 mg/kg i.p.), antagonized DA agonist-induced stereotypies in rats (0.1-1.56 mg/kg i.p.), inhibited locomotor activity in rats (0.025-6.25 mg/kg i.p.), antagonized the hyperactivity produced by various DA agonists in rats (0.025-6.25 mg/kg i.p.) and inhibited the apomorphine-induced hypothermia in mice (0.05-0.78 mg/kg i.p.). " 05/01/1982 - "Thus, several lines of evidence indicate that the catalepsy induced by neurotensin is not the consequence of the neurotensin induced hypothermia. " 05/01/1982 - "Furthermore, oxotremorine induced hypothermia without catalepsy. " 05/01/1973 - "Catalepsy, sedation and hypothermia induced by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine in the rat. " 01/01/1984 - "The SS animals were also less sensitive to morphine-induced hypothermia, but were, by contrast, more sensitive than their LS counterparts to morphine-induced analgesia, while no line differences existed with respect to catalepsy. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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