Carcinoma in Situ

A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.

Also Known As:

Intraepithelial Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Intraepithelial; Intraepithelial Carcinoma; Intraepithelial Neoplasm; Neoplasm, Intraepithelial; Preinvasive Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Intraepithelial; Carcinoma, Preinvasive

Networked: 2617 relevant articles (133 outcomes, 239 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Neoplasms: 1324753
- Neoplasms by Histologic Type: 2
  - Glandular and Epithelial Neoplasms: 439
    - Carcinoma: 141855
      - Carcinoma in Situ: 2617
        Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia: 779
        Adenocarcinoma in Situ: 295
        Breast Carcinoma In Situ: 203

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Urinary Bladder Neoplasms (Bladder Cancer)
3.	Carcinoma (Carcinomatosis)
4.	Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Neoplasms
5.	Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Epidermoid Carcinoma)

Experts

1.	Shariat, Shahrokh F: 35 articles (09/2022 - 03/2003)
2.	Karakiewicz, Pierre I: 17 articles (01/2019 - 09/2006)
3.	Lotan, Yair: 17 articles (01/2017 - 09/2006)
4.	Rajpert-De Meyts, Ewa: 14 articles (07/2016 - 10/2003)
5.	Maruyama, Satoshi: 13 articles (05/2016 - 07/2005)
6.	Nakanuma, Yasuni: 12 articles (06/2022 - 12/2004)
7.	Cheng, Liang: 12 articles (04/2022 - 02/2004)
8.	Saku, Takashi: 12 articles (05/2016 - 05/2008)
9.	Sagalowsky, Arthur I: 12 articles (01/2014 - 11/2005)
10.	Cheng, Jun: 11 articles (05/2016 - 05/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Carcinoma in Situ:

1.	Mitomycin (Mitomycin-C)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1990 - "Mitomycin C appears to be effective for intravesical treatment of carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. " 01/01/2009 - "Topical mitomycin C 2 mg/ml (0.02%) may be a safe and effective treatment for conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm prior to surgical removal." 01/01/1993 - "Percutaneous perfusion of mitomycin C appears to be one of the effective and safe treatments for the carcinoma in situ of the upper urinary tract." 07/01/2011 - "Re: Willem Oosterlinck, Ziya Kirkali,Richard Sylvester, et al. Sequential intravesical chemoimmunotherapy with mitomycin C and bacillus Calmette-Guérin and with bacillus Calmette-Guérin alone in patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: results of an EORTCGenito-urinary Group Randomized Phase 2 Trial (30993). " 03/01/2011 - "Sequential intravesical chemoimmunotherapy with mitomycin C and bacillus Calmette-Guérin and with bacillus Calmette-Guérin alone in patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: results of an EORTC genito-urinary group randomized phase 2 trial (30993)."
2.	1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDT)IBA 01/01/2004 - "ALA-PDT is effective for premalignant lesions such as mucosal dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of oral cavity. " 05/17/2020 - "Two patients with carcinoma in situ of larger than 1/2 circumference were rescued by repeated PDT. " 01/01/2019 - "Patients with R1 resection, stage I disease with MRD and or carcinoma in situ along the stump site were treated with bronchoscopic PDT. " 12/01/2013 - "The PDT-induced STAT3 cross-links is significantly higher (P = 0.0033) in SCC than in carcinoma in situ/dysplasia for all light doses. " 09/01/2008 - "In one horse, carcinoma in situ developed 2.5 months after partial surgical excision and PDT, requiring local excision under standing sedation. "
3.	Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)FDA LinkGeneric 10/24/1991 - "For patients with carcinoma in situ the complete-response probability estimates (i.e., the estimated probability of documented disappearance of disease) were 34 percent for doxorubicin (23 of 67 patients) and 70 percent for BCG (45 of 64 patients) (P less than 0.001); the median times to treatment failure were 5.1 and 39 months, respectively. " 01/01/1986 - "The complete response rate in 41 patients with carcinoma in situ who received BCG was 85%, compared with a complete response rate of only 39% in 46 patients who received adriamycin (p less than 0.001, chi 2). " 01/01/1984 - "Intravesical Adriamycin treatment was given to 22 patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. " 09/01/1983 - "Several authors have described the regressive effect of the instillation of adriamycin on the cell appearance of carcinoma in situ. " 09/01/1983 - "[Adriamycin instillations in carcinoma in situ of the bladder]."
4.	pembrolizumabIBA 01/01/2020 - "The preliminary results of the Keynote-057 trial (3 months complete response of 41% in carcinoma-in-situ patients) have led to the rapid approval of pembrolizumab from the Food and Drug Administration. " 05/01/2021 - "Recently, pembrolizumab was approved for bacillus Calmette-Guérin-unresponsive carcinoma in situ. " 05/01/2021 - "Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Pembrolizumab for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Unresponsive Carcinoma In Situ of the Bladder." 03/01/2021 - "In bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) unresponsive patients with carcinoma in situ, pembrolizumab has been recently approved. " 10/01/2021 - "We report a rare case of pembrolizumab-induced DKA in a patient with bladder carcinoma in situ with no prior diagnosis of diabetes. Our case highlights the importance of understanding immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) as immunotherapy is becoming a mainstay of treatment for a variety of diagnoses. "
5.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 09/01/2014 - "To study the relationship between the biological and morphological characteristics of oral intraepithelial neoplasms (OINs), we examined the localization of desmosome-related proteins. " 01/01/2019 - "Novel protein and immune response markers of human serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma of the ovary." 09/01/2014 - "Heterogeneous and abnormal localization of desmosomal proteins in oral intraepithelial neoplasms." 05/01/2013 - "Sex-determining region Y-box 2 protein expression and gene amplification have been found in preinvasive squamous cell lesions such as dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. " 01/01/2013 - "As additional markers of differentiation, the organization of Sertoli cell tight junction and associated proteins were assessed in specimens with carcinoma in situ. "
6.	Messenger RNA (mRNA)IBA 08/01/2015 - "Bcl2L12 and its variant mRNA were highly expressed in carcinoma in situ (CIS) samples. " 04/01/2007 - "Translational repression of E2F1 mRNA in carcinoma in situ and normal testis correlates with expression of the miR-17-92 cluster." 01/01/1996 - "Stromal cells surrounding carcinoma in situ lesions were uPA mRNA positive in a few cases, and no signal was observed in the neighboring nonmalignant tissue. " 03/01/2006 - "Semi-quantitative detection of hTERT mRNA expression in situ is helpful in differentiated diagnosis of carcinoma in situ and atypical hyperplasia. " 10/01/2007 - "In this study, real-time RT-PCR was used to quantify the mRNA expression of XIAP and Smac/DIABLO in normal testicular tissue (n = 19), testicular carcinoma in situ (CIS; n = 4), testicular seminomas (n = 64) and non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCT; n = 35). "
7.	VaccinesIBA 06/01/2014 - "A Listeria vaccine and depletion of T-regulatory cells activate immunity against early stage pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms and prolong survival of mice." 01/01/2020 - "Future studies are necessary to confirm the efficiency and cost-benefit of the vaccine in men to prevent intraepithelial neoplasms and invasive penile cancer." 04/01/2012 - "However, no effective therapeutic vaccine or immunological treatment exists for individuals already infected or for the 470,000 women that develop high-grade dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and cervical cancer each year. " 07/01/1991 - "A total of 126 patients (70 for prophylaxis of recurrent stages Ta and T1 papillary tumors and 56 for treatment of carcinoma in situ or with microinfiltration of the subepithelial connective tissue) underwent a 6-week course of 75 mg. BCG (Pasteur vaccine). " 01/01/2002 - "To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the urothelium involving the upper urinary tract when the vaccine was administered by way of the bladder using vesicoureteral reflux created by a double-pigtail (DP) catheter. "
8.	AcidsIBA 01/01/2009 - "Sixty specimens of bladder mucosa were collected from 20 patients who were suspected of having carcinoma in situ by fluorescence cystoscopy with 5-aminolevulinic acid. " 02/01/2003 - "Our preliminary data show that whole bladder photodynamic therapy with intravesically applied 5-aminolevulinic acid using a white light source is effective in destroying flat malignant lesions of the bladder such as carcinoma in situ. " 02/01/2003 - "We performed whole bladder photodynamic therapy with 100 J/cm(2) white light 2 to 4.5 hours after intravesical administration of 17% 5-aminolevulinic acid in 12 patients with recurring, multifocal, Stage pTa, grade I to III, urothelial tumors of the bladder and carcinoma in situ. " 06/01/2001 - "We performed photodynamic therapy after the oral administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid in 24 patients with rapidly recurring, multifocal, BCG refractory superficial pTa-pT1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and carcinoma in situ. " 03/01/1997 - "To determine the incidence of granulomatous prostatitis and acid-fast bacilli (AFB) after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for superficial bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) or carcinoma in situ (CIS). "
9.	5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester FDA Link 11/01/2013 - "The hexyl aminolevulinate cystoscopy allows to identify a significantly greater number of lesions, including carcinoma in situ, compared to conventional white light cystoscopy. " 01/01/2004 - "Improved detection of urothelial carcinoma in situ with hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy." 11/22/2010 - "To evaluate fluorescence cystoscopy with hexaminolevulinate (HAL) in the early detection of dysplasia (DYS) and carcinoma in situ (CIS) in select high risk patients. " 07/01/2007 - "Of a total of 113 carcinoma in situ lesions in 58 patients 104 (92%) were detected by hexaminolevulinate cystoscopy and 77 (68%) were detected by white light cystoscopy, while 5 were detected only on directed visually normal mucosal biopsy. " 07/01/2007 - "Overall more carcinoma in situ lesions were found by hexaminolevulinate than by white light cystoscopy in 22 of 58 patients (41.5%), while the converse occurred in 8 of 58 (15.1%). "
10.	IodineIBA 04/01/2012 - "The use of iodine staining as a part of otolaryngological examinations may be beneficial for the early detection of CFOM, including carcinoma in situ and micro-invasive SCC. " 01/01/2020 - "We developed a model based on patient age, body mass index, pathology findings, and baseline iodine staining to calculate risk for severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or ESCC. " 03/01/2002 - "A strategy is proposed that the high-risk population would be screened by endoscopy with mucosal iodine staining and biopsy of all unstained lesions and diagnosis of severe dysplasia carcinoma in situ, and intra-mucosal carcinoma could be cured by radical mucosectomy. " 04/01/2012 - "Clinical impact of iodine staining for diagnosis of carcinoma in situ in the floor of mouth, and decision of adequate surgical margin." 01/01/2008 - "The subjects consisted of 50 patients with basal cell hyperplasia, 50 patients with dysplasia, 50 patients with ESCC (12 carcinoma in situ, 38 carcinoma in invasive stage), and 50 controls who were pathologically diagnosed to be normal and whose esophageal mucosa were stained brown by iodine. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 02/01/2013 - "A role for BCG in the management of UT carcinoma in situ (CIS) has been demonstrated in retrospective studies, although a definitive efficacy of adjuvant topical therapy after endoscopic resection of Ta/T1 tumours has not yet been proven. " 04/01/2004 - "We present two cases of stromal invasion of the prostate after complete remission by BCG therapy of carcinoma in situ of the ureter and bladder found by transrectal prostate biopsy." 09/01/2004 - "Carcinoma in situ urethral recurrence following orthotopic bladder substitution can be treated successfully with intraurethral BCG perfusion therapy in approximately 80% of patients. " 01/01/2017 - "All available studies demonstrate topical therapy to be effective in treating upper tract carcinoma in situ, with decreased recurrence rates compared to bladder carcinoma in situ. " 08/01/2016 - "The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic safety and efficacy of the therapy performed using the transaction magnetic field induction heating device, AMTC400, in fertile patients with HG-CIN (excluding carcinoma in situ). "
2.	Immunotherapy 03/01/2011 - "Immunotherapy appears to be most effective in patients with upper-tract carcinoma in situ. " 01/01/2006 - "Immunotherapy appears to be most effective in patients with upper tract carcinoma in situ." 11/01/2001 - "Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) established immunotherapy as an effective modality for carcinoma in situ of the bladder and remains the most effective agent for treatment. " 02/01/2011 - "Intravesical immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin is the gold standard treatment for patients with carcinoma in situ. " 01/01/2023 - "Topical instillation of BCG immunotherapy for biopsy-proven primary upper urinary tract carcinoma in situ: A single institution series and systematic review."
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 12/01/1991 - "Intravesical TICE BCG is an effective treatment for bladder carcinoma in situ patients with or without prior chemotherapy." 07/01/2005 - "We determined the short-term and long-term efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS). " 01/12/1985 - "Carcinoma-in-situ of testis eradicated by chemotherapy." 07/01/2005 - "Bacillus calmette-guerin versus chemotherapy for the intravesical treatment of patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials." 01/01/2021 - "Topical chemotherapy for penile carcinoma in situ: Contemporary outcomes and reported toxicity."
4.	Photochemotherapy (Photodynamic Therapy) 12/01/1991 - "Integral photodynamic therapy may prove to be useful for the treatment of carcinoma in situ of the bladder." 01/01/2021 - "A case of carcinoma in situ of the lower lip successfully treated with shaving and photodynamic therapy." 09/01/2010 - "Salvage photodynamic therapy for extended carcinoma in situ of the oesophagus after subtotal oesophagectomy: 2 years follow up." 01/01/2007 - "Photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate for atypial carcinoma in situ of the penis." 03/01/2004 - "Photodynamic therapy for carcinoma in situ of the anus."
5.	Radiotherapy 08/01/1993 - "Excision biopsy, radiotherapy, and laryngofissure cordectomy have all been used, but the best treatment regimen for glottic carcinoma in situ remains controversial. " 01/01/1994 - "Radiation therapy is an effective and safe treatment modality for carcinoma-in-situ of the glottic larynx. " 12/01/2021 - "Twelve patients with carcinoma in situ of the breast who underwent identical adjuvant radiation therapy (50 Gy in 25 fractions) were included in the study. " 12/01/2020 - "The aim of the study was to update our experience treating patients with glottic carcinoma in situ (CIS) with curative radiotherapy (RT). " 11/01/2009 - "To study the effect of 16 Gy radiotherapy (RT) vs. 20 Gy RT on Leydig cell function in men treated with radiotherapy against carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the testis. "