Brain Death (Brain Dead)

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1430 relevant articles (51 outcomes, 127 trials/studies) found for this Disease

Description: A state of prolonged irreversible cessation of all brain activity, including lower brain stem function with the complete absence of voluntary movements, responses to stimuli, brain stem reflexes, and spontaneous respirations. Reversible conditions which mimic this clinical state (e.g., sedative overdose, hypothermia, etc.) are excluded prior to making the determination of brain death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp348-9)

Also Known As:

Brain Dead; Irreversible Coma; Brain Deads; Coma, Irreversible; Death, Brain; Coma Depasse

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Nervous System Diseases: 3414

Neurologic Manifestations: 2878

Neurobehavioral Manifestations: 297

Consciousness Disorders: 85

Unconsciousness: 610

Coma: 4476

Brain Death: 1430

Central Nervous System Diseases: 930

Brain Diseases: 1120

Brain Death: 1430

Signs and Symptoms Pathological Conditions

Pathologic Processes: 2210

Death: 1110

Brain Death: 1430

Related Diseases

1.	Ischemia
2.	Shock
3.	Inflammation
4.	Cholangitis
5.	Neurologic Manifestations (Neurological Manifestations)

Experts

1.	Pratschke, J: 11 articles (06/2007 - 02/2000)
2.	Tilney, N L: 10 articles (09/2002 - 01/2000)
3.	Wilhelm, M J: 9 articles (09/2002 - 02/2000)
4.	Kusaka, M: 8 articles (01/2005 - 02/2000)
5.	Hancock, W W: 7 articles (09/2002 - 02/2000)
6.	Dark, John H: 4 articles (05/2008 - 06/2003)
7.	Kirby, John A: 4 articles (05/2008 - 06/2003)
8.	Duffy, Jodie Y: 4 articles (04/2008 - 10/2005)
9.	Pandalai, Prakash K: 4 articles (04/2008 - 10/2005)
10.	McLean, Kelly M: 4 articles (04/2008 - 10/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Brain Death:

1.	Triiodothyronine (Liothyronine)FDA Link 02/01/1990 - "Brain death is associated with neuroendocrine changes, in particular with a significant reduction of plasma-free triiodothyronine (T3) that results in impaired aerobic metabolism" 01/01/1993 - "Previous studies have documented decreases in serum-free triiodothyronine (T3) after brain death and improved hemodynamics with its replacement, suggesting its controversial, but promising, clinical utility for managing potential organ donors" 06/01/1993 - "Triiodothyronine treatment in brain-dead multiorgan donors--a controlled study." 02/01/1993 - "Triiodothyronine treatment is not indicated in brain-dead multiorgan donors: a controlled study." 10/01/1992 - "Triiodothyronine treatment in brain-dead multiorgan donors--a controlled study." Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	barbituric acid (barbiturate)IBA 10/01/1984 - "The patients in each group were further divided into responder and survivor (a), responder but late death (b), and no-responder or acute brain death (c), As far as age of patients concern, 19 out of 26 patients whose age was less than 20, 22 out of 35 patients whose age was 20-50 and 13 out of 23 patients whose age was more than 50 years responded well to the barbiturate therapy" 01/01/1984 - "The scanning technique is noninvasive and may be particularly helpful in the diagnosis of brain death in patients in whom intravenous infusions of barbiturate might otherwise obscure the clinical and EEG examination." 06/01/2002 - "In this study, the influence of long continuous administration of barbiturate on diagnosis of brain death was investigated by measuring plasma concentration of barbiturate" 04/01/2002 - "During the period of the barbiturate infusion and until six days after the suppression of this therapy, neurological exploration and EEG findings seem to confirm brain death, while transcranial Doppler (TCD) study remained normal" 04/01/1991 - "The study suggests that therapeutic and subtherapeutic barbiturate levels have no effect on the outcome of children who fulfill the criteria for brain death." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Dopamine (Intropin)FDA LinkGeneric 05/15/2004 - "In two independent retrospective clinical studies, we showed that dopamine treatment of brain-dead donors improves long-term kidney graft survival" 12/01/1999 - "Bio-energetic response of the heart to dopamine following brain death-related reduced myocardial workload: a phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in the cat." 09/01/2007 - "Dopamine treatment in brain-dead rats mediates anti-inflammatory effects: the role of hemodynamic stabilization and D-receptor stimulation." 05/15/2004 - "Apneic animals were mechanically ventilated, and clinically relevant dosages of dopamine (2, 6, 10, or 14 microg/kg/min) were given for 6 hr from the onset of brain death" 05/15/2004 - "Effect of dopamine on inflammatory status in kidneys of brain-dead rats." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2008 - "Twenty brain-dead donors were treated with norepinephrine within the study period" 02/01/1994 - "The present study confirms the onset of a dramatic increase in cardiac norepinephrine release from myocardial nerve endings following brain death, and demonstrate the utility of the new cardiac microdialysis technique to assess changes in interstitial fluid content." 02/01/1994 - "This study was designed to evaluate the utility of cardiac microdialysis to measure interstitial myocardial norepinephrine release resulting from brain death" 04/01/2007 - "HR in a porcine model of brain death reduces norepinephrine requirements, and improves hemodynamics and cardiac function" 04/01/2007 - "Following brain death induction, animals were treated with norepinephrine and fluids for 3 h" Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	CytokinesIBA 01/01/2005 - "Significant reduction of proinflammatory cytokines by treatment of the brain-dead donor." 01/01/2004 - "Recent studies have shown that brain death upregulates multiple lymphocyte- and macrophage-derived cytokines and the injured brain itself may be the source of proinflammatory factors such as S100B" 06/01/2008 - "All cytokines were increased following brain death" 01/01/2008 - "CONCLUSIONS: Hemoadsorption for removal of cytokines in brain-dead subjects is feasible" 01/01/2005 - "METHODS: We investigated the expression pattern of cytokines comparing serum (n = 53) and tissue expression (n = 25) in brain-dead human donors" Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime (Ceretec)FDA Link 07/15/2000 - "In this setting, transcranial Doppler is superior to 99mTc-HMPAO in reducing the waiting time for a firm diagnosis of brain death." 01/01/2000 - "We determined how well the clinical examination criteria held up in the diagnosis of brain death against the new gold standard of Tc-99m HMPAO scintigraphy: Clinical examination criteria correctly predicted brain death only 83% of the time compared with HMPAO scintigraphy" 10/01/1994 - "These differences and the present study suggest that Tc-99m HMPAO is a superior agent for cerebral perfusion studies to determine brain death." 05/01/1993 - "The results of the Tc-99m HMPAO brain death studies correlated well with the patients' clinical conditions" 12/01/2004 - "METHODS: Eight patients who fulfilled the clinical criteria of brain death underwent Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT and electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring" Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	urinastatin (MR 20)IBA 02/01/2003 - "Protective effects of urinary trypsin inhibitor on hepatic microvascular injury in hypotensive brain-dead rats." 07/01/2002 - "Protective effects of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) on hepatic microvasculature in hypotensive brain-dead rats." 03/01/2008 - "BACKGROUND/AIMS: The present study examined the effect of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) on liver injury in hypotensive brain-dead rats" 03/01/2008 - "Urinary trypsin inhibitor improves viability of the liver in brain-dead rats." 11/01/2000 - "Effects of ulinastatin on hypotension and hepatic circulation in brain dead rabbits." Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	BarbituratesIBA 02/20/1993 - "The use of barbiturates did not modify the normal anterograde flow detected by TCD in the absence of criteria of brain death" 04/01/1991 - "In a retrospective study at a large children's hospital, we identified 92 children who had received barbiturates that were simultaneously discontinued at the time they were being evaluated for brain death in the presence of electrocerebral silence and clinical brain death by physical exam" 10/01/1991 - "Do barbiturates in brain-dead organ donors have a deleterious effect on early renal graft function?" 03/01/1996 - "Family history of ischemic heart disease, history of hyperlipidemia or smoking, and brain death caused by paracetamole or barbiturates overdose were not considered prohibitive to cardiac allograft donation" 09/01/1989 - "The results indicate that (1) neurodiagnostic tests such as electroencephalograms and radionuclide scanning reconfirmed clinically determined brain death in only one half to two thirds of patients; (2) electrocerebral silence in the absence of barbiturates, hypothermia, or cerebral malformations during 24 hours was confirmatory of brain death if the clinical findings remained unchanged; (3) absence of radionuclide uptake associated with initial electrocerebral silence was associated with brain death; (4) term infants clinically brain dead for 2 days and preterm infants brain dead for 3 days did not survive despite electroencephalogram or cerebral blood flow status; and (5) phenobarbital levels greater than 25 micrograms/mL may suppress electroencephalographic activity in this age group" Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	GlycogenIBA 06/01/1986 - "Brain death, with or without hemodynamic support of the circulation, led to a significant reduction in subsequent myocardial function, associated with some depletion of the myocardial high-energy phosphate and glycogen reserves, although the rate of this depletion was reduced by anaerobic glycolysis" 01/01/1994 - "In conclusion, intravenous supply of GIK to brain-dead pigs results in increased myocardial glycogen content and seems to prevent abnormal myocardial metabolism, which may have clinical implications for the myocardial protection of donor hearts." 01/01/1994 - "Myocardial glycogen content in the GIK group was significantly higher compared to the control group, but comparable to the non-brain-dead animals" 01/01/1994 - "Brain death is associated with neuroendocrine changes resulting in reduced myocardial glycogen content" 02/01/1987 - "A period of hypothermic perfusion storage appeared to reverse the anaerobic metabolism occurring in the heart in the nonhormonally treated brain dead animal, though not in the hormonally treated animal, and led to replenishment of glycogen reserves in nontreated animals" Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	HormonesIBA 10/01/1999 - "BACKGROUND: In this study, the level and the variation of a number of hormone and metabolic parameters during brain death treatment in potential organ donors have been monitored" 09/01/1998 - "BACKGROUND: This study analyzes in the experimental model of isolated human atrial myocardium whether the myocardial contractile depression occurring after high-dose/long-term catecholamine exposure (as typically occurring in brain-dead organ donors) can be reversed by thyroid hormone administration" 03/01/1994 - "PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of brain death on the circulating hormone levels" 05/01/1986 - "No previous clinical study has examined thyroid hormone levels in human brain-dead organ donors" 03/01/2008 - "The patient met the criteria for the diagnosis of clinical brain death on Day 3. Aggressive hemodynamic and respiratory managements coupled with triple hormone therapy were performed at the family's request, resulting in continued cardiac activity for a prolonged period" Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 11/01/2003 - "Immunomodulation before engraftment of cellular grafts to diminish or decrease the immunogenicity may result in better outcome of hepatocytes from brain-dead donor." 04/27/2003 - "CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that 3HR treatment of brain-dead donors results in increased numbers of transplanted hearts, with improved short-term graft function." 06/01/2006 - "BACKGROUND: There is mounting evidence from experimental and clinical studies that the quality of organs from cadaver donors may be influenced by events occurring around the time of brain death, and that these may affect transplant outcome" 01/20/2005 - "METHODS: Using the data from a large-scale national opinion survey, this study evaluates public appraisal of past government efforts to legalize organ transplant from brain-dead bodies in Japan, and examines the public's intent to participate in future policy" 01/01/2005 - "INTRODUCTION: Experimental studies suggest that brain death in the donor has a significant impact on graft quality; however, there are no data correlating organ-specific cytokine expression and the corresponding serum protein levels in human organ donors" Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 07/01/1989 - "Hormonal therapy to brain-dead potential organ donors has been shown to lead to metabolic and haemodynamic stability, resulting in no wastage of organs, and in improved function after transplantation." 07/01/1996 - "Hearts from brain-dead rats that had received T3 before transplantation showed improved postoperative function" 11/01/2007 - "Studies in rats have shown that brain death decreases beta-cell function and causes islet cell death during islet isolation and transplantation" 07/01/2007 - "The gradual onset brain death model: a relevant model to study organ donation and its consequences on the outcome after transplantation." 12/15/2006 - "Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing multivariate studies on hormonal treatment of brain-dead donors revealed significant increases in organs transplanted and in one-year survival of kidneys and hearts." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Liver Transplantation 02/01/1995 - "Of seven patients with stage 3 encephalopathy, two had rapid deterioration to brain death, three died of nonneurologic causes, and two had a good outcome after liver transplantation" 11/27/2001 - "Methods to treat the brain-dead donor to improve the quality of the liver may be needed to allow better preservation of the organ and to give better outcome after liver transplantation." 01/01/2008 - "METHODS: PCT serum concentrations were measured in samples collected before organ retrieval from 67 consecutive brain-dead donors and in corresponding recipients from day 0, before liver transplantation, up to day 7 after liver transplantation" 06/01/2007 - "Brain death activates donor organs and is associated with a worse I/R injury after liver transplantation." 09/01/2006 - "Brain death secondary to cerebrovascular disease is a possible early complication of orthotopic liver transplantation" Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Resuscitation 05/15/2008 - "This study uses a rat model of brain death to determine the profile of PARP activation and whether mechanisms that lead to cell death can be ameliorated by appropriate donor resuscitation" 05/15/2007 - "CONCLUSION: Our study shows an impact for only a limited number of brain dead donor resuscitation parameters on DGF duration" 05/15/2007 - "The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation of DGF >or=6 days with brain-dead donor variables, including those related to resuscitation, in a population of 262 consecutive brain-dead donors from 1990 to 2003" 01/01/2007 - "CONCLUSION: This study shows that the resuscitation of brain-dead donors impacts on their renal function" 11/15/1995 - "The objective of this prospective, clinical study of consecutive patients was to test the hypothesis of a global energetic failure in brain-dead patients by analyzing indices of peripheral oxygenation during brain-dead resuscitation" Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Heart Transplantation (Grafting, Heart) 07/01/1997 - "This study examined the effectiveness of LHB in cases of brain death and clarified the possibility of this application for donors as a bridge to heart transplantation" 01/01/1993 - "Studies done in potential donors for heart transplantation and in experimental animals have suggested that brain death can have major histopathological and functional effects on the myocardium" 12/01/2007 - "In conclusion, donor traumatic brain death was found to be a valid risk factor for recipient mortality after heart transplantation" 12/01/2007 - "We sought to explore whether the cause of donor brain death influenced recipient outcomes after cardiac transplantation" 12/01/2007 - "Donor brain death mechanisms and outcomes after heart transplantation." Order ALL the reference details at left...

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