Basal Ganglia Diseases (Basal Ganglia Disease)

Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.

Also Known As:

Networked: 346 relevant articles (11 outcomes, 24 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Parkinson Disease (Parkinson's Disease)
2.	Huntington Disease (Huntington's Disease)
3.	Tardive Dyskinesia
4.	Weight Gain
5.	Motor Disorders

Experts

1.	Laszlovszky, István: 6 articles (01/2021 - 02/2014)
2.	Fernández-Ruiz, Javier: 6 articles (01/2019 - 01/2006)
3.	Alfadhel, Majid: 5 articles (10/2022 - 06/2013)
4.	Németh, György: 5 articles (01/2021 - 02/2014)
5.	Durgam, Suresh: 5 articles (03/2016 - 02/2014)
6.	Ruth, Adam: 4 articles (08/2015 - 02/2014)
7.	Tabarki, Brahim: 3 articles (10/2022 - 01/2018)
8.	Dale, Russell C: 3 articles (01/2020 - 11/2012)
9.	Li, Dayong: 3 articles (03/2016 - 02/2014)
10.	Starace, Anju: 3 articles (03/2015 - 02/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Basal Ganglia Diseases:

1.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 11/01/2012 - "This paper gives a brief summary of the literature with the emphasis on epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, as well as the treatment of extrapyramidal disorders induced by antipsychotics. " 08/01/2011 - "In humans, these usually irreversible and disabling extrapyramidal disorders are developed by typical antipsychotic treatment, whose pathophysiology has been related to oxidative damages development. " 08/16/2010 - "Role of cortical and striatal 5-HT1A receptors in alleviating antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal disorders." 01/01/2003 - "Its induced by antipsychotics and combine with extrapyramidal disorders." 09/01/1995 - "We report five cases with extrapyramidal disorders associated to a treatment with this drug for which the neuroleptic activity resulting from an interaction with D2 receptors is not always known by prescribers. "
2.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 01/01/2013 - "The study provides a biomarker, which could change practice of progression diagnostics in a major basal ganglia disease and which may help to evaluate potential neuroprotective treatments in future clinical trials." 03/03/2022 - "Although the clinical diagnostic accuracy and differential diagnosis of MSA have improved by using combined biomarkers, its distinction from clinically similar extrapyramidal disorders with other pathologies and etiologies may be difficult. " 01/01/2022 - "Children with basal ganglia disease were recruited in a 2-year prospective multicentre study for clinical, biomarker, and genetic studies. " 07/01/2012 - "Then, we will focus on the ongoing controversies about the specificity of the standard CSF biomarkers if applied to extrapyramidal disorders. " 01/01/2003 - "To determine the prevalence of periventricular and deep WML in survivors of an original cohort of randomly selected elderly community dwellers, and to examine their associations with clinical markers of vascular and extrapyramidal disorders of ageing, as well as quantitative cognitive measures. "
3.	Cholinergic Antagonists (Anticholinergics)IBA 09/01/1990 - "These data suggest that we may be able to consider the pathophysiology of some extrapyramidal disorders based on the therapeutic efficacy of anticholinergic drugs which selectively affect M1 or M2 receptors." 09/01/1990 - "Anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drugs have been widely used for the treatment of extrapyramidal disorders for a long time although their pharmacological characterization has been unclear. " 10/16/1986 - "Such a differential organization of striatal cholinergic circuitry could help to account for the selective therapeutic efficacy of anticholinergic drugs in the treatment of extrapyramidal disorders." 04/01/2001 - "Benztropine is an anticholinergic agent used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and drug induced extrapyramidal disorders. "
4.	EnzymesIBA 01/01/1994 - "Here we report data on respiratory chain enzyme activities in isolated muscle mitochondria from 6 patients with classical PD (two with the hereditary form, HPD), and in 6 patients with a multisystem extrapyramidal disorder (MSED) with parkinsonsim as the main clinical feature. " 04/01/2009 - "receptors, inactivation mechanism, enzymes) might be beneficial in basal ganglia disorders, namely Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). " 12/01/1997 - "Segawa disease (hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation) is an autosomal dominant, childhood onset, postural dystonia and the first hereditary basal ganglia disorder whose causative enzyme and gene defect were clarified. " 01/01/1994 - "Muscle respiratory chain enzyme activities in parkinson's disease and in multisystem extrapyramidal disorders with parkinsonism as the main clinical feature." 01/01/1970 - "Enzymes of dopa metabolism of diencephalic structures in man and rabbit with special regard to extrapyramidal disorders."
5.	Amantadine (Aman)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1977 - "A controlled trial of amantadine in drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders." 05/01/1987 - "The subjects neither complained of nor demonstrated memory impairment while taking amantadine, which is believed to exert its pharmacological effects upon extrapyramidal disorders via dopaminergic mechanisms and does not appear to be associated with memory impairment. " 04/01/1981 - "Amantadine is useful for the prevention and treatment of influenza A and for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders. " 01/01/1991 - "The antagonism between amantadine and chlorpromazine on brain amines may explain the therapeutic efficacy of amantadine in modulating chlorpromazine-induced extrapyramidal disorders." 01/01/1991 - "4. The results suggest that genetic factors underly differential alteration of brain dopamine and serotonin which may underly the mechanism of amantadine efficacy in neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal disorders and to the variable responses to amantadine therapy."
6.	Reserpine (Serpasil)FDA Link 07/01/1957 - "[Good results obtained with ACTH in extrapyramidal disorders caused by reserpine]." 08/01/2011 - "These results indicate that, acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol administrations induced similar motor disorders, although through different mechanisms, and therefore are important animal models to study the physiopathology of extrapyramidal disorders. " 08/01/2011 - "Acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol are animal models of extrapyramidal disorders often used to study parkinsonism, akinesia and tardive dyskinesia. " 08/01/2011 - "Here we used the animal models of extrapyramidal disorders cited above, which were performed in two distinct experiments: orofacial dyskinesia (OD)/catalepsy induced by acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol after (experiment 1) and before (experiment 2) oral treatment with pecan shell aqueous extract (AE), a natural and promissory antioxidant. "
7.	Cholinergic Agents (Cholinergics)IBA 07/01/2015 - "Normalization of the cholinergic modulation of cortico-striatal synaptic plasticity may be considered as a critical feature in future treatments of basal ganglia disorders." 07/01/2015 - "In this review, we address the functional role of striatal cholinergic interneurons, also known as tonically active neurons and attempt to understand how the alteration of their functional properties in basal ganglia disorders leads to abnormal cortico-striatal synaptic plasticity. " 07/01/2015 - "Basal ganglia disorders are often associated with an imbalance between the midbrain dopaminergic and striatal cholinergic systems. " 01/01/2011 - "Loss of the reciprocal modulation between dopaminergic inputs and the intrinsic cholinergic innervation within the striatum appears to be the trigger for pathophysiological changes occurring in basal ganglia disorders. " 06/01/1993 - "The interaction between dopaminergic and cholinergic systems in the mammalian central nervous system, which is thought to have important implications in the pathophysiology of major extrapyramidal disorders, has never been adequately demonstrated in vivo. "
8.	FlunarizineIBA 01/01/1988 - "Long-term administration of flunarizine should be avoided particularly in the elderly and in patients with extrapyramidal disorders." 10/01/2006 - "(6) Flunarizine also has documented efficacy, but this "hidden neuroleptic" can cause extrapyramidal disorders and weight gain. " 01/01/1989 - "In addition, the large number of conditions susceptible to being corrected by CA is impressive: epilepsy, pain, dystonia, dyskinesia, psychiatric conditions, etc. Other papers are disconcerting that report extrapyramidal disorders induced by flunarizine and cinnarizine in the elderly, whereas nicardipine does not produce such side effects and may even alleviate some parkinsonian symptoms. "
9.	Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)FDA Link 02/09/1996 - "These data suggest that chlorpromazine may increase iron uptake by neurons, and may be involved in the development of tardive dyskinesia and other extrapyramidal disorders." 11/01/2023 - "Cluster 2 consisted of all AAPs alongside several TAPs, such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine, with higher reporting rates of disturbance of consciousness, extrapyramidal disorders (excluding dyskinesia and dystonia), and serotonin syndrome. " 01/01/1991 - "The antagonism between amantadine and chlorpromazine on brain amines may explain the therapeutic efficacy of amantadine in modulating chlorpromazine-induced extrapyramidal disorders."
10.	Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor)IBA 06/01/2002 - "One group of receptors that holds much promise for several basal ganglia disorders is the metabotropic glutamate receptors. " 10/19/2021 - "Over the last two decades, the important functional interplay between dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems has stimulated interest in the possible role of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in the development of extrapyramidal disorders. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 12/01/2006 - "We concluded that 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonists may provide an attractive non-dopaminergic target for improving therapies for some basal ganglia disorders." 05/01/1988 - "Furthermore, therapy of value in the treatment of other basal ganglia disorders, in these conditions, has not been helpful (Fahn, 1982). " 11/15/1958 - "[Experimental range of action of aturban, a new synthetic compound for therapy of extrapyramidal disorders]." 01/05/1951 - "[Parpanit therapy of extrapyramidal disorders]." 10/01/1984 - "The data are discussed in view of their significance for therapy of patients with basal ganglia disorders, such as patients suffering from Parkinson's disease."
2.	Neurological Rehabilitation 01/01/2018 - " future studies, detailed neural mechanisms underlying the development of motor disorders in basal ganglia diseases and recovery by interventions including surgery and neurorehabilitation are important."
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 07/01/1998 - "A consequence of such an experience is that magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scans should be made of every patient with uncommon extrapyramidal disorders, particularly if they do not respond to drug therapy." 01/01/1961 - "[Role of central mediators in experimental production and drug therapy of some extrapyramidal disorders]." 01/01/2011 - "Because of their more subtle effects on neurotransmisison regulation than other ionotropic glutamate receptors, KARs represent interesting targets for the future development of pharmacotherapy for basal ganglia diseases."
4.	Pallidotomy 07/01/1995 - "[Pallidotomy for basal ganglia disorders]." 01/01/1985 - "The results of stereotactic pallidotomy in 37 patients with extrapyramidal disorders are presented. " 01/01/1985 - "Stereotactic pallidotomy in extrapyramidal disorders."
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/2020 - "In addition, our work provides a valuable tool to evaluate in vitro network recovery after treatment intervention in basal ganglia disorders." 09/08/2016 - "We observed only few cases of extrapyramidal disorders related to the disease itself; anyway, mild extrapyramidal syndrome occurred quite frequently after treatment with antipsychotics. "