Astigmatism

Unequal or irregular curvature of the CORNEA (Corneal astigmatism) and/or the EYE LENS (Lenticular astigmatism) resulting in REFRACTIVE ERROR.

Also Known As:

Astigmatism, Corneal; Astigmatism, Hyperopic; Astigmatism, Lenticular; Astigmatism, Mixed; Astigmatism, Myopic; Astigmatism, Oblique; Hyperopic Astigmatisms; Mixed Astigmatisms; Myopic Astigmatisms; Oblique Astigmatisms; Corneal Astigmatism; Hyperopic Astigmatism; Lenticular Astigmatism; Mixed Astigmatism; Myopic Astigmatism; Oblique Astigmatism

Networked: 4921 relevant articles (390 outcomes, 501 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Eye Diseases: 3522
- Refractive Errors: 3499
  - Astigmatism: 4921

Related Diseases

1.	Myopia
2.	Cataract (Cataracts)
3.	Hyperopia (Hypermetropia)
4.	Astigmatism
5.	Keratoconus

Experts

1.	Kamiya, Kazutaka: 32 articles (04/2022 - 02/2008)
2.	Langenbucher, Achim: 32 articles (02/2022 - 01/2002)
3.	Seitz, Berthold: 29 articles (06/2022 - 01/2002)
4.	Alió, Jorge L: 29 articles (01/2022 - 10/2002)
5.	Shimizu, Kimiya: 28 articles (03/2018 - 02/2008)
6.	Koch, Douglas D: 24 articles (04/2022 - 01/2002)
7.	Zhou, Xingtao: 24 articles (04/2022 - 01/2006)
8.	Piñero, David P: 24 articles (01/2022 - 03/2008)
9.	Langenbucher, A: 23 articles (09/2022 - 08/2000)
10.	Wang, Li: 23 articles (04/2022 - 05/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Astigmatism:

1.	2'- deoxythymidylyl- (3'- 5')- 2'- deoxyadenosine (d(AT))IBA 01/01/2023 - "Their preoperative BCVA is 0.60±0.35 in decimal, significantly improved to 0.80±0.26 in decimal at 6mo postoperatively (Z=-2.392, P=0.017), but the changes of their corneal astigmatism diopters showed no significance, with 2.22±1.91 D preoperatively, and 2.28±1.31 D at 6mo postoperatively (Z=-0.135, P=0.893). " 01/01/2019 - "The results indicated a statistically significant reduction in the mean keratometric astigmatism from 8.16±3.02 D pre-operatively to 2.28±1.07 D at 3 months postoperatively. " 01/01/2018 - "The mean corneal astigmatism was (1.3 ± 1.6)D of 12 cured patients after healing and (1.0 ± 0.7)D at final follow-up, and there was no significant difference (P = 0.374). " 03/01/1997 - "The 7.0 mm group had a mean induced astigmatism of 3.93 +/- 1.52 D, which was significantly higher than that in the 8.0 mm group (mean 2.60 +/- 0.74 D) at a uniform chordal length of 3.0 mm. Mean uncorrected visual acuity was 0.26 +/- 0.14 preoperatively and 0.50 +/- 0.28 after 15 months; mean corrected visual acuity improved from 0.58 +/- 0.21 to 0.76 +/- 0.21. " 12/01/2021 - "Mean refractive astigmatism improved from -2.90 ± 2.21 D preoperatively to -1.47 ± 1.46 D at postoperative 12 months (P < .001), with 30.4% and 45.7% of eyes having a postoperative astigmatic error within ±0.50 and ±1.00 D, respectively. "
2.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 01/01/2023 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate optical coherence tomography (OCT)-measured retinal thickness (RT) and best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA) in eyes with different types of astigmatism. " 01/01/2022 - "This study aims to quantify and analyze the changes in the lower- and higher-order aberrations across the visual field induced by retinal expansion, and to understand how this relationship can be influenced by axial astigmatism and the misalignments in the ocular components. " 01/01/2020 - "In this study, using an animal model of lens-induced astigmatism, we tested the hypothesis that induced astigmatism is due to processing of astigmatic retinal image information by the brain, which causes distorted growth in the anterior segment via centrifugal neural projections. " 07/01/2015 - "The study demonstrates that OCT parameters such as retinal nerve fibre layer, central sub-field thickness and mean signal strength are affected by irregular astigmatism. " 10/01/2023 - "Ophthalmic examination revealed deep-set eyes, high hyperopic astigmatism in both eyes, and reduced retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by optical coherence tomography. "
3.	Mydriatics (Cycloplegics)IBA 01/01/2022 - "As subjective refraction is gold standard in our study, sphere in cycloplegic auto-refraction and astigmatism in dry auto-refraction showed better agreement and correlation." 01/01/2023 - "This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial conducted at the Chinese University of Hong Kong Eye Centre enrolled 474 nonmyopic children aged 4 through 9 years with cycloplegic spherical equivalent between +1.00 D to 0.00 D and astigmatism less than -1.00 D. " 01/01/1999 - "For studies seeking to measure changes in astigmatism in normal eyes, cycloplegic autorefraction is the method of choice." 11/20/2023 - "The mean differences in spherical equivalent, J0 (Cartesian astigmatism) and J45 (oblique Jackson cross-cylinder) between cycloplegic retinoscopy and 2WIN-S were 1.10 (95% CI = 0.97 to 1.21, p < 0.001), -0.06 (95% CI = -0.09 to -0.03, p < 0.001) and 0.009 (95% CI = -0.01 to 0.03, p = 0.35), respectively. " 10/02/2023 - "The presence of astigmatism was assessed by non-cycloplegic autorefraction, and defined as a cylinder equal or greater than 0.75 D. "
4.	Mitomycin (Mitomycin-C)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2022 - "To determine difference in surgically induced astigmatism (SIA), post-operative intraocular pressure (IOP) and axial length (AL) between single site and twin-site phacotrabeculectomy augmented with Mitomycin C (MMC). " 01/01/2022 - "Surgically induced astigmatism following single site and twin site phacotrabeculectomy augmented with mitomycin C." 01/01/2008 - "The mitomycin C group produced the most induced astigmatism and the limbal-conjunctival autograft group produced the least induced astigmatism. " 01/01/1997 - "There was an apparent correlation between the amount of induced astigmatism and the use of mitomycin. " 01/01/1997 - "The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of conventional and mitomycin trabeculectomy on the corneal astigmatism. "
5.	Propranolol (Inderal)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2011 - "Early diagnosis of infantile periocular capillary haemangioma and prompt treatment with propranolol lead to a significant reduction in the involved ocular area, in astigmatism, and prevent ocular/facial disfiguration/deformation, without rebound. " 02/01/2016 - "Mean astigmatism in affected eyes was 1.90 D before propranolol and 1.00 D after; patients showed a monophasic reduction in astigmatism over 12 months. " 02/01/2016 - "The medical records of patients with PIH treated with oral propanolol between November 2008 and July 2013 were retrospectively reviewed for data on visual acuity and astigmatism. " 08/01/2010 - "Our main outcome measures were colour and size of infantile haemangioma before and after treatment, the change in astigmatism of our patients and the incidence of complications from propranolol. " 07/01/2011 - "Oral propranolol for treatment of infantile hemangiomas was effective in all patients, with 33% reduction in astigmatism and 39% reduction in surface area. "
6.	chironIBA 11/01/1999 - "LASIK with the Chiron-Technolas Keracor 116 excimer laser was effective for correction of myopic astigmatism, with good stability after 3 months. " 07/01/2004 - "This prospective study included 28 eyes of 21 patients with mixed astigmatism who had bitoric LASIK using the Hansatome microkeratome (Bausch & Lomb Surgical) and the Chiron Technolas 217 excimer laser (Bausch & Lomb Surgical). " 11/01/1999 - "Two hundred sixty-six eyes of 150 patients were subjected to PRK with the Chiron Technolas Keracor 117C for the correction of myopia and astigmatism. " 03/01/2001 - "Patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism (N=2,972; refraction from -1.25 to -15.50 D) were treated with the Nidek EC-5000 excimer laser, using the Chiron Vision HT-230 Hansatome microkeratome. " 11/01/2000 - "LASIK was performed on 19 patients (19 eyes) with high astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty, using the Chiron Automated Corneal Shaper and the Chiron-Technolas Keracor 116 excimer laser. "
7.	Nylons (Nylon)IBA 12/01/1979 - "With interrupted suturing techniques, the axis of the correcting cylinder was more often against the rule while continuous closures with monofilament nylon more frequently produced with the rule astigmatism." 12/15/1992 - "The use of a less biodegradable suture enables the maintenance of low levels of astigmatism for longer periods when compared with a previous study that used 11-0 nylon suture." 11/01/2022 - "To calculate the surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) in MSICS through a superiorly placed straight scleral incision closed with a single, central, perpendicular 10-0 polyamide suture and to document any suture-related complaints and complications. " 08/01/2020 - "Postsurgery, 10/0 nylon suture was removed on 1st postoperative day and astigmatism and intraocular pressure were measured on day, at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. " 04/01/2009 - "Interrupted 10-0 nylon compression sutures were added in the opposite meridian to overcorrect astigmatism. "
8.	Polymethyl Methacrylate (Sol)IBA 02/01/2011 - "The changes in ATR astigmatism according to the IOL type were more effective in single-piece acrylic IOLs than in the three-piece polymethylmethacrylate haptic IOL group. " 01/01/2021 - "The median astigmatism was lower in foldable IOL compared to rigid PMMA IOL (1.0 vs. 2.5 D; p = 0.026), but neither the UCVA nor BCVA was significantly different. " 12/01/2010 - "Evolution of postoperative astigmatism after large incision PMMA lens implantation in children." 07/01/2007 - "Increased astigmatism is more frequently seen in the PMMA group. " 07/01/2007 - "Postoperative final induced astigmatism was 0.5+/-0.5 D (SD) in the acrylic group and 1.11+/-0.65 D (SD) in the PMMA group (p=0.0001) (independent samples t-test). "
9.	4-hexyloxyaniline (HOA)IBA 01/01/2018 - "Contoura measured axis and astigmatism-eliminated HOA, resulting in a more uniform cornea with an accurate removal of astigmatism, excellent 20/15 and 20/20 visual outcomes, and favorable patient-reported subjective outcomes." 01/01/2019 - "Significant positive correlation was found between the astigmatic power vector (APV) of ACA and PCA (Pearson correlation=0.318, P<0.001); TCA and PCA (Pearson correlation=0.204, P=0.025); keratometric astigmatism and PCA (Pearson correlation=0.356, P<0.001); this study also found a positive correlation between primary spherical aberration (Z4°) of the total cornea and PCA (Pearson correlation=0.266, P=0.003); primary spherical aberration (Z4°) of the corneal front surface and PCA (Pearson correlation=0.260, P=0.004); total corneal aberrations (Total cornea root mean square [RMS]) and PCA (Pearson correlation=0.327, P<0.001); total corneal higher-order aberrations (Total HOA RMS) (Pearson correlation=0.232, P=0.011); total corneal lower-order aberrations (Total LOA RMS) (Pearson correlation=0.250, P=0.006). " 02/11/2023 - "The HOA in the astigmatism-corrected IOL group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups at the two time points (Z=5.01, 4.73, 5.31, 5.27; all P<0.001). " 01/01/2023 - "All eyes had reduction in manifest astigmatism, Contoura measured astigmatism, 57% reduction of higher-order aberrations (HOA), and 53% reduction of higher-order aberrations grouped with lower-order aberrations (Grouped). " 01/01/2023 - "Linear mixed model analyses were applied to determine the association between HOA components, other known confounding variables (age, gender, SE, astigmatism and IPD) and axial growth. "
10.	SolutionsIBA 10/01/2017 - "Our solution features simplified calculation and low-cost construction, which is capable of overall compensation of the astigmatism in a wide spectral range (200-600 nm). " 11/01/2005 - "The beam rotation, astigmatism, and spherical aberration are considered to obtain a self-consistent solution of the Gaussian beam. " 07/01/2003 - "Conductive keratoplasty may be a minimally invasive solution for patients with irregular hyperopic astigmatism, offering improved quality of vision in instances of flap striae by tightening the central cornea." 01/01/2010 - "To measure the optical performance of an extended depth of focus (EDOF) intraocular lens (IOL), which provides an imaging solution for near, intermediate, and distance ranges, and to compare its optical performance to available bifocal IOLs with various extents of decentration and astigmatism aberrations. " 09/01/2007 - "Topography-driven PRK using CIPTA software is a suitable solution for correcting regular and irregular astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) 01/01/2013 - "This study provides further evidence of the safety, efficacy, and predictability of laser in situ keratomileusis outcomes using an optical ray tracing algorithm to treat moderate to high myopic astigmatism and shows that good results are sustained through 1 year." 06/01/2021 - "Both LASIK and PRK achieve good outcomes in high astigmatism. " 01/01/2018 - "Both FS-LASIK and Toric ICL were effective for correcting moderate and high astigmatism, although Toric ICL might produce a larger error of angle than FS-LASIK when an off-axis correction occurs." 12/01/2011 - "In eyes with high myopic astigmatism and suboptimal preoperative BSCVA, laser in situ keratomileusis may result in a significant improvement in BSCVA." 12/01/2011 - "The higher indices of success in the high ORA and high LA groups suggest a lower efficacy of LASIK in treating astigmatism primarily located intraocularly. "
2.	Lasers (Laser) 07/01/2014 - "Laser corneal ablation continues to be highly effective for correcting low-to-moderate levels of astigmatism and may be the best option for the younger patient population. " 07/01/2001 - "PRK with the Meditec MEL 60 laser produced the best results in eyes with compound myopic astigmatism (Group 1). " 09/01/2022 - "Femtosecond laser-assisted astigmatic keratotomy (FSAK) is recognized as a safe and effective therapeutic option for addressing high corneal astigmatism in corneal transplants. " 12/01/2013 - "Femtosecond laser-enabled intrastromal astigmatic keratotomy was performed, resulting in a significant reduction in corneal astigmatism. " 06/01/2013 - "Significant improvement in CDVA and refractive and topographic cylinders indicated a good effect of femtosecond laser-assisted intrastromal relaxing incisions in reducing astigmatism. "
3.	Excimer Lasers 02/01/2019 - "Topography-guided ablation using the Alcon WaveLight EX500 excimer laser and T-CAT/Contoura software results in excellent accuracy, efficacy, and safety, with improved postoperative subjective quality of vision and reduced night vision disturbances in virgin eyes with refractive astigmatism of 2.00 D or greater, including eyes with topographic naturally occurring irregular astigmatism. " 01/01/2012 - "Both methods of PRK, using the NIDEK EC-5000 and VISX excimer laser systems, are effective for correcting moderate-to-high astigmatism. " 11/01/2004 - "The number of reoperations and residual refractive defects were significantly better in Group 2. The 2-step technique improved the accuracy of excimer laser correction of post-PKP astigmatism." 04/01/2000 - "Paracentral ablations with the excimer laser appear to be a safe and effective method to correct higher grades of corneal astigmatism." 04/01/2002 - "Excimer laser PARK was an effective treatment for compound myopic astigmatism, but predictability decreased and complications increased as the attempted astigmatic correction increased."
4.	Sutures (Suture) 04/01/2004 - "In the sense of the least final postoperative astigmatism, the best results we have reached in cases where the donor corneal graft was 0.25 mm larger in diameter and the suture was adjusted during the surgery using light circles according to Serdarevic. " 09/01/1994 - "RIs and compression sutures are very useful in reducing postkeratoplasty astigmatism if correction of extremely high cylinder (> 10 D) is not intended. " 06/01/1994 - "Intraoperative suture adjustment significantly decreased postkeratoplasty topographic (P = 0.0001) and refractive (P = 0.0001) astigmatism and improved best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (P = 0.0019) during the first postoperative month. " 01/01/2021 - "There was a statistically significant reduction in the magnitude of refractive, tomographic and aberrometry astigmatism after SR (P<0.001) at 2h after suture removal. " 01/01/2016 - "Corneal-scleral limbal wedge resection with compression suture is a safe, effective treatment for poor patients with high irregular corneal astigmatism after corneal-scleral penetrating injury. "
5.	Intraocular Lenses (Intraocular Lens) 01/01/2020 - "Primary outcome was improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and secondary outcomes were assessment of intraocular lens (IOL) tilt using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), mean change in astigmatism at last follow-up of 1y and associated complications. " 01/01/2009 - "Toric intraocular lenses are also safe and effective for treating more than 1 diopter of astigmatism, and they now have excellent rotational stability. " 01/01/2015 - "To determine whether the total corneal refractive power (TCRP) value, which is based on measurement of both anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism, is effective for toric intraocular lens (IOL) calculation with AcrySof(®) Toric IOLs. " 06/01/2017 - "Conclusion Implantation of toric intraocular lenses (Alcon + Abbott) in patients with regular astigmatism is an effective and safe method, which should be offered to patients. " 09/01/2015 - "This study aimed to describe the efficacy of toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) in patients with low degrees of corneal astigmatism. "