Antitoxins

08/17/2010 - "The best treatment for botulism includes serotype-specific antitoxins, which are most effective when administered early in the course of the intoxication. "
01/01/2018 - "However, a recent meta-analysis of antitoxin efficacy in human botulism cases over the past century concluded that a statistically significant reduction in mortality is associated with the use of type E and type A antitoxin, but not with type B antitoxin. "
01/01/2003 - "Early antitoxin treatment in wound botulism results in better outcome."
01/01/2018 - "The only approved therapeutic for botulism is antitoxin. "
10/01/2017 - "While timely administration of an approved antitoxin is effective in reducing the severity of botulism, reversing intoxication requires different strategies. "

04/01/1989 - "Antitoxin B memory cells might help explain the long-term protection against recurrent disease seen in convalescents from cholera in cholera-endemic areas."
12/01/1972 - "Protection against experimental cholera by antitoxin."
01/01/1964 - "They therefore recommend antitoxin and antihaemolysin titration for the study of cholera patients, convalescents and carriers. "
01/01/2007 - "Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, contains 13 putative TA loci, all of which are clustered within the superintegron on chromosome II. Here we report the characterization of the V. cholerae higBA locus, also known as VCA0391/2. Deletion of higA alone was not possible, consistent with predictions that it encodes an antitoxin, and biochemical analyses confirmed that HigA interacts with HigB. "
08/01/1996 - "We studied antibacterial and antitoxin immune responses in acute and convalescent phase paired sera collected from seven of these cholera patients. "

04/01/1987 - "A serological study to evaluate the efficacy of the diphtheria immunisation programme in Singapore based on sera collected from 425 healthy persons between 6 months and 40+ years of age showed that 94.6% of the population surveyed possessed protective neutralising antitoxin (greater than or equal to 0.01 IU/ml). "
07/01/1982 - "An evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of low dose of antitoxin in the treatment of diphtheria."
07/01/2000 - "Six weeks (minimum 25 days, maximum 98 days) after a single booster injection, 89.7% of the subjects achieved full protection against diphtheria, and only 3.9% had antitoxin levels below the protective level. "
03/01/2010 - "Comparative assessment of efficacy of homologous and heterologous diphtheria antitoxins on the example of diphtheria intoxication. "
11/01/2008 - "It was shown that in patients with toxic diphtheria heterologous antitoxin is eliminated within 4-6 weeks. "

12/01/1990 - "High antitoxin levels were induced by vaccination but could not be associated with protection against infection. "
01/01/2020 - "The Escherichia coli rnlAB operon encodes a toxin-antitoxin module that is involved in protection against infection by bacteriophage T4. "
01/01/2023 - "The finding of three antitoxin genes in S-CREM1 implies a possible phage control of host cells during infection. "
12/01/2022 - "Using genetic, biochemical and structural analyses, we demonstrate that the C-terminal domain of CapRelSJ46 regulates the toxic N-terminal region, serving as both antitoxin and phage infection sensor. "
10/17/2022 - "cereus group infections and discuss potential risk factors for infection and treatment options, including antitoxin."

01/01/1896 - "A Case of Tetanus Cured with Antitoxin."
01/01/2022 - "Human versus equine intramuscular antitoxin, with or without human intrathecal antitoxin, for the treatment of adults with tetanus: a 2 × 2 factorial randomised controlled trial."
01/01/2002 - "This study enabled us to provide a definitive value for the antitoxin activity of the reference preparations in respect of their anti-tetanus antibody content."
10/01/1997 - "The study showed that tetanus antitoxins were diluted on the fetal side of circulation, but the protective levels of antitoxins were achieved in all the newborns as the mothers had received at least two doses of TT before delivery."
08/01/1995 - "In agreement with our previous studies showing induction of vaginal tetanus antitoxins by intramuscular immunization, these results are in favour of classical, parenteral vaccinations to induce protection of the human vagina."