Anthrax

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1126 relevant articles (104 outcomes, 102 trials/studies) found for this Disease

Description: An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Bacterial Infections and Mycoses

Bacterial Infections: 6830

Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections: 93

Bacillaceae Infections

Anthrax: 1126

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Poisoning
3.	Plague (Bubonic Plague)
4.	Tularemia
5.	Brucellosis (Malta Fever)

Experts

1.	Leppla, Stephen H: 20 articles (06/2008 - 06/2003)
2.	Collier, R John: 12 articles (04/2008 - 01/2002)
3.	Moayeri, Mahtab: 11 articles (06/2008 - 04/2004)
4.	Tang, Wei-Jen: 6 articles (04/2008 - 01/2002)
5.	Quinn, Conrad P: 6 articles (11/2007 - 01/2004)
6.	Karginov, Vladimir A: 5 articles (06/2008 - 01/2004)
7.	Duesbery, Nicholas S: 5 articles (05/2008 - 02/2003)
8.	Beyer, Wolfgang: 5 articles (05/2007 - 07/2003)
9.	Little, Stephen F: 5 articles (10/2006 - 06/2003)
10.	Cui, Zhengrong: 5 articles (09/2006 - 02/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Anthrax:

1.	AntigensIBA 10/01/2006 - "Although the PA shows strong immunogenicity, the capsule or spore-associated somatic antigens may be important as additional vaccine targets for full protection against anthrax. " 02/01/2005 - "Rapid protection against anthrax is required in a bioterrorism scenario; this study describes an in vivo gene transfer-based therapy that uses a human adenovirus (Ad)-based vector (AdalphaPAscAb) encoding a single-chain antibody directed against protective antigen (PA), a critical component of Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin. " 10/01/2005 - "14:1673-1682, 2003) that a single administration of a recombinant serotype 5 adenovirus (Ad) vector expressing anthrax protective antigen (PA) provides rapid protection against anthrax lethal toxin challenge. " 09/01/1955 - "An antigen prepared in vitro effective for immunization against anthrax. " 09/01/1955 - "An antigen prepared in vitro effective for immunization against anthrax. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	AntibodiesIBA 09/01/2004 - "The polyclonal antiserum from rabbits immunized with rPA could inhibit the action of anthrax lethal toxin in vitro, which suggests that antibodies against rPA can provide high passive protection against anthrax. " 11/01/2007 - "Taken together, these results support the concept of rBclA as being a safe and effective boost for a PA-primed individual against anthrax and further suggest that such rBclA-enhanced protection occurs by the induction of spore-opsonizing and germination-inhibiting antibodies." 04/16/2002 - "Human antibodies against spores of the genus Bacillus: a model study for detection of and protection against anthrax and the bioterrorist threat." 01/01/2008 - "While antibody to PA is sufficient to mediate protection against anthrax in animal models, it is not known if antibodies to LF or EF contribute to protection in humans. " 05/04/2007 - "The present study aimed at monitoring the course of specific antibody titres against PA and LF by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), as well as the levels of toxin-neutralising antibodies, in 11 volunteers vaccinated with the human anthrax vaccine UK. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	anthrax toxin (anthrax lethal factor)IBA 05/28/2004 - "The high affinity of the VWA domain for PA supports its potency in neutralizing anthrax toxin, demonstrating its potential utility as a novel therapeutic for anthrax." 02/01/1992 - "The protective efficacy of immunization against anthrax with Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) combined with different adjuvants was tested in Hartley guinea pigs and CBA/J and A/J mice. " 12/01/1995 - "The efficacy of several human anthrax vaccine candidates comprised of different adjuvants together with Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) was evaluated in guinea pigs challenged by an aerosol of virulent B. " 11/01/1994 - "Bacillus anthracis protective antigen, expressed in Salmonella typhimurium SL 3261, affords protection against anthrax spore challenge." 02/26/2009 - "Anthrax lethal factor (LF) is a critical virulence factor in the pathogenesis of anthrax. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	VaccinesIBA 08/01/2002 - "While many advances have been achieved in the understanding of this disease, research is required into the genotypic grouping of anthrax isolates, improved field diagnostic techniques, and oral vaccines, as well as to provide a better understanding of spore survival in soil and the ecology of the disease under natural conditions." 03/01/2009 - "Nevertheless, vaccines that are effective against cutaneous anthrax may not be so against inhalational anthrax. " 08/01/2002 - "It concluded that the present vaccine was completely safe and effective, but ignored evidence of several recent research studies from three different nations that have implicated vaccines, often including anthrax vaccine, in the epidemiology of Gulf War illnesses. " 10/01/2007 - "Improved vaccines and adjuvants are being developed to reduce the threat posed by a terrorist attack involving aerosolized anthrax spores. " 11/17/2006 - "Multiagent vaccines vectored by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon elicits immune responses to Marburg virus and protection against anthrax and botulinum neurotoxin in mice." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 02/01/2009 - "A short course of antibiotic treatment is effective in preventing death from experimental inhalational anthrax after discontinuing antibiotics." 10/18/2005 - "Other than administration of antibiotics shortly after exposure, there is currently no approved effective treatment for inhalational anthrax. " 01/15/2004 - "Currently there is no effective treatment for inhalational anthrax beyond administration of antibiotics shortly after exposure. " 01/01/2007 - "Study showed that cultural, morphologic, genetic, immunologic characteristics, and resistance to antibiotics of STI-PR anthrax vaccine did not change after storage during 20 years in lyophilized condition. " 02/01/2002 - "Therefore, the use of these antibiotics in children can be recommended, despite the lack of adequate efficacy and safety studies in pediatric patients with anthrax." Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2006 - "Similarly, when AVP-21D9 antibody (10 to 50 mg/kg) was combined with a low, nonprotective dose of ciprofloxacin (3.7 mg/kg/day) and administered to guinea pigs for 6 days, synergistic protection against anthrax was observed. " 09/01/2008 - "The current standard of care for inhalational anthrax postexposure prophylaxis is ciprofloxacin therapy twice daily for 60 days. " 08/01/2004 - "This article presents the scientific data and regulatory mechanism that supported the approval of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride for management of postexposure of inhalational anthrax." 08/01/2004 - "In August 2000, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (Cipro; Bayer) for management of postexposure inhalational anthrax. " 08/01/2004 - "US Food and Drug Administration approval of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride for management of postexposure inhalational anthrax." Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Penicillins (Penicillin)FDA Link 10/01/1948 - "Anthrax; 36 human cases of the external type treated successfully with penicillin." 11/02/2001 - "However, penicillins are likely to be effective for preventing anthrax, a setting where relatively few organisms are present. " 04/01/1985 - "In this study penicillin alone versus penicillin combined with anti-anthrax serum were compared in the treatment of experimental anthrax of mice. " 02/01/2003 - "Beta-lactam agents, particularly penicillin, have been used worldwide to treat anthrax in humans. " 07/01/2002 - "The treatment of anthrax in most cases is penicillin, however with the threat of bioterrorism, intentional releases of anthrax spores in the environment has caused much concern. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	Anthrax VaccinesIBA 01/01/2007 - "AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Killed anthrax vaccines appear to be effective in reducing the risk of contracting anthrax with low rate of adverse effects. " 01/01/2000 - "REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Killed anthrax vaccines appear to be effective in reducing the risk of contracting anthrax with a relatively low rate of adverse effects. " 01/01/1988 - "This mouse model will be useful in characterizing the pathogenesis of anthrax and testing the safety and efficacy of new anthrax vaccines." 01/01/2009 - "SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of individuals and cluster-RCTs comparing anthrax vaccine with placebo, other (non-anthrax) vaccines, or no intervention; or comparing administration routes or treatment regimens of anthrax vaccine. " 06/01/2008 - "The anthrax lethal toxin neutralization assay (TNA) will likely be used to correlate the protection offered by new anthrax vaccines in animal models to the immunogenicity that will be provided in humans. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Aluminum Hydroxide (Algeldrate)FDA Link 01/01/2001 - "These recommendations concern the use of aluminum hydroxide adsorbed cell-free anthrax vaccine (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed [AVA], BioPort Corporation, Lansing, MI) in the United States for protection against disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. " 12/15/2000 - "These recommendations concern the use of aluminum hydroxide adsorbed cell-free anthrax vaccine (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed [AVA], BioPort Corporation, Lansing, MI) in the United States for protection against disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. " 05/31/2002 - "Anthrax vaccine, adsorbed (AVA) is a vaccine containing aluminum hydroxide that is administered as six subcutaneous (s.q.) doses over 18 months. " 08/14/2006 - "METHODS: Hundred healthy volunteers were randomized in a 4:1 ratio to receive intramuscular doses of rPA102 in the following formulations: 5, 25, 50, or 75 microg of rPA102 in 82.5 microg aluminum hydroxide adjuvant at 0, 4, and 8 weeks; or the US licensed Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA) at weeks 0 and 4. FINDINGS: Local reactogenicity (mostly pain) was more common with AVA than with rPA102 following the first (94.7% versus 44.4%; p < 0.001) and the second (84.2% versus 35.4%; p < 0.001) vaccinations. " 04/12/2007 - "Effect of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and formaldehyde in the formulation of rPA anthrax vaccine." Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	FluoroquinolonesIBA 04/01/2004 - "However, additional studies of the in vivo model are necessary to define more clearly efficacy against anthrax and the pharmacodynamic relationship of fluoroquinolones." 06/01/1994 - "The total values of the protective efficacy of the three fluoroquinolones with respect to anthrax were practically the same." 07/01/2004 - "METHODS: Fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates of the Sterne and Russian Anthrax Vaccine STi strains were obtained following serial passage in the presence of increasing concentrations of four different fluoroquinolones. " 07/01/2004 - "Post-exposure prophylaxis of systemic anthrax in mice and treatment with fluoroquinolones." 08/01/2003 - "Two new fluoroquinolones and a ketolide showed promising in vitro activity that would support their further evaluation in animal models of anthrax." Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections 02/01/2006 - "Anthrax vaccine is administered in a series of six injections at 0, 2, and 4 weeks and 6, 12, and 18 months, followed by annual boosters. " 09/14/2004 - "Immune responses after two or three injections of cationic lipid-formulated PA, PA plus LF, or LF pDNAs were at least equivalent to two doses of anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA). " 02/26/2007 - "The anthrax lethal toxin (LTx) neutralization efficacy of sera from recipients who received 4 to > or =10 AVA injections did not vary significantly in relation to changes in distribution of anti-PA IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses." 10/22/2004 - "Concerns regarding anthrax vaccine purity, a requirement for multiple injections, and a limited supply of the protective antigen (PA), underscore the urgent need for an improved vaccine. " 08/01/2007 - "The currently available commercial human anthrax vaccine requires multiple injections for efficacy and has side effects due to its alum adjuvant. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Intranasal Administration 05/04/2007 - "The data suggests that intranasal administration may be an effective immunization modality for an improved immunization program against anthrax." 05/01/2007 - "Intranasal administration of dry powder anthrax vaccine provides protection against lethal aerosol spore challenge." 02/01/2008 - "Furthermore, prophylactic intranasal administration of PO R10-60 significantly delayed death in mice exposed to respiratory anthrax comparable to the PS ISS-ODN. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Therapeutics 10/01/2006 - "New and improved therapeutics are needed for Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax. " 03/18/2005 - "Our studies suggest that the individual toxin components and the complex must be considered as critical targets for anthrax therapeutics." 07/03/2009 - "New therapeutics targeting the toxin are required to reduce systemic anthrax-related fatalities. " 06/01/2009 - "Therefore, this rabbit model fulfills several of the criteria of a useful animal model for studying disease pathogenesis and evaluating therapeutics during inhalational anthrax." 10/07/2005 - "The latter two results suggest the potential application of PA63 nanopore-based biosensors in anthrax therapeutics and diagnostics." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Antibiotic Prophylaxis 01/01/1966 - "Causes of the failure of antibiotic prophylaxis of inhalation anthrax and clearance of the spores from the lungs." 12/01/2008 - "During the 2001 anthrax attacks, public health agencies faced operational and communication decisions about the use of antibiotic prophylaxis and the anthrax vaccine with affected groups, including postal workers. " 05/16/2006 - "These data provide evidence that postexposure vaccination can shorten the duration of antibiotic prophylaxis required to protect against inhalational anthrax and may impact public health management of a bioterrorism event." 05/16/2006 - "Thus postexposure vaccination enhanced the protection afforded by 14 days of antibiotic prophylaxis alone and completely protected animals against inhalational anthrax. " 05/16/2006 - "In response to the 2001 anthrax attack in the United States, approximately 10,000 people were offered 60 days of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent inhalational anthrax, but adherence to this regimen was poor. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Intramuscular Injections 10/01/2006 - "This MAb was effective in prophylactic and postsymptomatic treatment of rabbits exposed to aerosolized anthrax spores, and a single intramuscular injection of 1 mg/kg of body weight fully protected cynomolgus monkeys challenged with aerosolized anthrax spores. " 09/01/2007 - "CONCLUSIONS: This recombinant Protective Antigen anthrax vaccine, when given with the adjuvant Alhydrogel to healthy adults in two intramuscular injections four weeks apart, is very well-tolerated and highly immunogenic." 01/01/2009 - "In addition, ChimeriVax-JE against yellow fever was administered to nonhuman primates by microneedles and generated protective levels of neutralizing antibodies that were more than seven times greater than those obtained with subcutaneous delivery; DNA plasmids encoding hepatitis B surface antigen were administered to mice and antibody and T cell responses at least as strong as hypodermic injections were generated; recombinant protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis was administered to rabbits and provided complete protection from lethal aerosol anthrax spore challenge at a lower dose than intramuscular injection; and DNA plasmids encoding four vaccinia virus genes administered to mice in combination with electroporation generated neutralizing antibodies that apparently included both Th1 and Th2 responses. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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