Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

Also Known As:

Networked: 3670 relevant articles (167 outcomes, 639 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Bulimia Nervosa
2.	Weight Gain
3.	Binge-Eating Disorder (Binge Eating Disorder)
4.	Feeding and Eating Disorders (Eating Disorder)
5.	Body Weight (Weight, Body)

Experts

1.	Klibanski, Anne: 63 articles (06/2022 - 06/2002)
2.	Treasure, Janet: 55 articles (10/2022 - 06/2003)
3.	Misra, Madhusmita: 54 articles (06/2022 - 09/2002)
4.	Miller, Karen K: 48 articles (06/2022 - 09/2002)
5.	Schmidt, Ulrike: 43 articles (06/2022 - 06/2010)
6.	Kaye, Walter H: 37 articles (01/2020 - 11/2002)
7.	Bulik, Cynthia M: 35 articles (10/2021 - 02/2004)
8.	Herzog, David B: 32 articles (10/2019 - 08/2003)
9.	Tchanturia, Kate: 31 articles (09/2022 - 06/2007)
10.	Ehrlich, Stefan: 31 articles (05/2022 - 01/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Anorexia Nervosa:

1.	Fluoxetine (Prozac)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2003 - "Although fluoxetine appears to be promising for the treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa, further studies need to be performed with a larger sample size and/or better design." 03/01/1994 - "Recently, uncontrolled and unblinded trials with fluoxetine in anorexia nervosa have offered promising results. " 06/01/2003 - "Studies conducted on the efficacy of fluoxetine in treating anorexia nervosa have conflicting results. " 05/01/2003 - "This study evaluated the efficacy of nutritional management with and without fluoxetine (FLX) in anorexia nervosa diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria. " 06/01/1999 - "Limited research has been conducted on the treatment of anorexia nervosa, although preliminary studies suggest that psychotherapy and fluoxetine may be helpful in preventing relapse after weight restoration."
2.	Olanzapine (Zyprexa)FDA Link 11/01/2007 - "This paper was written with three main objectives in mind: to comment on some of the barriers impeding mental health research in general, to highlight challenges faced in the design and implementation of ED-specific studies, and to integrate personal insight into some of the many challenges that we have encountered during our experience with a randomized clinical trial examining the efficacy of olanzapine for the adjunctive treatment of youth with Anorexia Nervosa. " 03/01/2006 - "Several studies have shown that olanzapine is effective in weight restoration and maintenance for patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). " 03/01/2012 - "This case supports the need for adequately powered, controlled clinical trials to test the efficacy of olanzapine in adolescents presenting with anorexia nervosa." 04/01/2010 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of olanzapine in girls with anorexia nervosa, restricting subtype (ANr). " 01/01/2022 - "Background: Although recent articles have investigated the use of low-dose olanzapine in different psychiatric conditions, only one study so far has assessed this treatment in 13 girls with anorexia nervosa (AN). "
3.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 06/01/2007 - "Atypical antipsychotics may be beneficial in treating the core psychopathology of anorexia nervosa (AN). " 06/01/2012 - "Are antipsychotics effective for the treatment of anorexia nervosa? " 03/01/2005 - "A systematic review of clinical, neurobiological and functional neuroimaging findings of serotonergic and dopaminergic system activity in anorexia nervosa was conducted via MEDLINE, PsycINFO and EMBASE psychiatry databases, with a critical review of dysregulation of these systems as therapeutic targets for atypical antipsychotics, in context of evidence regarding the utility and efficacy of these medications in this syndrome. " 01/01/2014 - "There are currently few studies focusing on the efficacy of long-term atypical antipsychotics to treat anorexia nervosa in the pediatric population. " 01/01/2015 - "Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs in Anorexia Nervosa: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials."
4.	KetamineFDA LinkGeneric 08/02/2023 - "These findings suggest that ketamine may help adult females diagnosed with anorexia nervosa but also point to sex- and age-related differences in the action of ketamine." 08/02/2023 - "This paradoxical relationship confirms earlier findings of ABA females without ketamine treatment, capturing the maladaptive behaviors exhibited by individuals diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. " 05/19/2022 - "Comment on "Keeler et al. Ketamine as a Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review. " 05/19/2022 - "Comment on Keeler et al. Ketamine as a Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review. " 11/20/2021 - "Ketamine as a Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review."
5.	Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 01/01/2004 - "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication does not appear to be effective in ill, malnourished anorexia nervosa (AN) patients. " 01/01/2015 - "[A Case of Anorexia Nervosa with Chewing and Spitting Improved by Treatment with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors]." 09/01/2015 - "Finally, the association of SSRIs with bone mass persisted after excluding individuals with Body Mass Index (BMI) less than 5th percentile thus accounting for the possible confounding effect of anorexia nervosa, which can be treated with SSRIs. " 09/01/2010 - "Use of SSRIs may Impact Bone Density in Adolescent and Young Women with Anorexia Nervosa." 01/01/2004 - "The prevalence of non-responders (roughly one out of two), and the presence of a functional genetic polymorphism in the promotor region of SLC6A4, emphasizes the potential utility of psychopharmacogenetics in prescribing SSRIs in the treatment of patients with weight-restored anorexia nervosa. "
6.	LeptinIBA 01/01/2014 - "Inverse relationship between leptin increase and improvement in depressive symptoms in anorexia nervosa." 10/03/2023 - "In a previous patient-control study, differential amygdala nuclei alterations were found in acute anorexia nervosa (AN); rostral-medial nuclei involved in fear and reward processing were substantially reduced in volume and associated with hypoleptinemia, a key neuroendocrine characteristic of AN. Here, longitudinal amygdala nuclei alterations in AN were investigated in relation to weight status and their associations with leptin levels. " 10/01/2021 - "The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, how different aspects of dysfunctional eating, menopausal status, and a history of anorexia nervosa relate to leptin levels in normal-weight middle-aged women. " 01/01/2021 - "Suggestive Evidence for Causal Effect of Leptin Levels on Risk for Anorexia Nervosa: Results of a Mendelian Randomization Study." 01/01/2019 - "Clinical Trials Required to Assess Potential Benefits and Side Effects of Treatment of Patients With Anorexia Nervosa With Recombinant Human Leptin."
7.	Serotonin (5 Hydroxytryptamine)IBA 01/01/1999 - "Are serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors effective in underweight anorexia nervosa?" 09/01/2022 - "The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect on the salience network of a temporary dietary manipulation of 5-HT synthesis in patients with anorexia nervosa. " 03/01/2016 - "This study investigated whether serum serotonin interferes with bone metabolism in young women with anorexia nervosa (AN), a clinical model of energy deprivation. " 05/01/2007 - "Many studies have found disturbances of serotonin (5-HT) activity in anorexia nervosa (AN). " 04/01/2006 - "In addition, clinical studies suggest a possible role for 5-HT in the etiology of anorexia nervosa. "
8.	Appetite Depressants (Anorectics)IBA 01/01/2017 - "Specifically, in terms of improvement in symptoms of anorexia nervosa, participants with higher baseline levels of anorectic psychopathology showed better outcomes in the waiting list condition and the Featback conditions with low- and high-intensity therapist support in comparison with Featback without therapist support. " 01/01/2013 - "Remission from anorexia nervosa (AN) is a controversial issue, as remitted individuals have been found to show residual anorectic attitudes and concerns about weight and shape. " 11/01/2018 - "The current study had two objectives: (1) to access the psychiatric comorbidity in axis I and axis II (according to DSM-IV) of anorexia nervosa in a sample of 60 anorexic patients; (2) to compare the features of the psychiatric comorbidity between the two groups of French and Greek anorexic patients who participated in the study, as well as to compare some psychological and behavioral aspects of their anorectic psychopathology. " 03/01/2002 - "In this study, we evaluated temperament and character traits of patients with anorexia nervosa and their mothers and fathers, and we analyzed the correlation of temperament and character traits among family members in anorectic families. " 03/01/1986 - "This retrospective controlled study specifically compares 20 subjects with pre-pubertal anorexia nervosa to matched post-pubertal anorectic and pre-pubertal neurotic groups. "
9.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 01/01/2022 - "Insulin should be further explored as potential novel treatment for anorexia nervosa." 01/01/2022 - "to explore whether low levels insulin administration may result in recovery of cerebral function and restoration of metabolic disorder providing a treatment option for anorexia nervosa. " 01/01/2022 - "Insulin normalized brain metabolic status on a Model of Anorexia Nervosa in Mice." 01/01/2021 - "The relationship between fasting insulin and anorexia nervosa was supported by a suite of sensitivity analyses, with no statistical evidence of instrument heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy. " 01/01/2021 - "A significant protective effect of a natural log transformed pmol/L increase in fasting insulin levels was observed for anorexia nervosa after the application of multiple testing correction (OR = 0.48 [95% CI: 0.33-0.71]-inverse-variance weighted estimate). "
10.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 06/01/2020 - "[Antidepressants sometimes lead to rapid remission in the treatment of anorexia nervosa]." 01/01/2022 - "(II) Reactions to antidepressant use with (iii) ambivalence and an initial perception of coercion, and (iv) effects of antidepressants (psychological effects, effects on the body and on anorexia nervosa and effects perceived through the eyes of others). " 01/01/2022 - "This qualitative research aimed to explore the perspectives of view of adolescents with anorexia nervosa about antidepressants. " 01/01/2022 - "Subjective Experience of Antidepressant Prescription Among Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa." 05/01/2018 - "Role of antidepressants in the treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 12/07/2022 - "There are indications that therapy through teleconference could prove quite effective for the treatment of ED.8 There are reports that this type of treatment is not attractive for anorexia nervosa patients, while all other ED patients are well adjusted to it.1 The consequences of the pandemic considerably affected mental health experts that have been treating ED patients as the number of new and relapsed clients raised dramatically. " 12/01/2013 - "The evidence base for existing psychological and pharmacological interventions to manage anorexia nervosa is not strong, and use of new adjunctive therapies that improve the effectiveness of existing treatments, and lead to improved mental health outcomes for this patient group is highly desirable. " 03/07/2022 - "Current evidence-based treatments for adult anorexia nervosa (AN) have limitations, with high attrition, very poor outcomes for 20% of people, and no clearly superior manualised therapy for adults with AN. Specialist Supportive Clinical Management (SSCM) was designed as a control treatment but has evolved as a valid first line treatment. " 06/19/2020 - "The quick access to the sentiment analysis of a statement on the image of patient's body, emotions experienced by the patient and particular areas of difficulties of people prone to the anorexia nervosa disorders, may help to establish the diagnosis in a very short time and start an immediate therapy. " 08/01/2002 - "Significantly fewer trials have examined the efficacy of such therapies for anorexia nervosa. "
2.	Deep Brain Stimulation 06/22/2020 - "The main objective of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with severe anorexia nervosa (AN). " 10/01/2016 - "On seeing promising results in a small number of patients, some researchers are conducting trials to determine whether deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN). " 01/01/2015 - "Some reports have demonstrated that deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising treatment for patients who suffer from intractable anorexia nervosa. " 01/01/2023 - "Efficacy of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of patient-level data." 01/01/2022 - "A Longitudinal Magnetoencephalographic Study of the Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Neuronal Dynamics in Severe Anorexia Nervosa."
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 04/01/2008 - "For anorexia nervosa (AN), there are no pharmacotherapies of proven efficacy in either adults or youths. " 01/01/2014 - "Meta analysis on the efficacy of pharmacotherapy versus placebo on anorexia nervosa." 01/01/2023 - "Pharmacotherapy in anorexia nervosa: A Danish nation-wide register-based study." 11/01/2007 - "To date, studies addressing the role of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of anorexia nervosa are limited, especially in childhood and adolescence. " 06/01/2020 - "In the treatment of anorexia nervosa the dominant role of psychotherapies is proposed, while pharmacotherapy has a limited effi cacy. "
4.	Enteral Nutrition (Feeding, Tube) 08/01/2007 - "Despite the high mortality rate in malnourished anorexia nervosa (AN) patients, very few trials have prospectively studied the efficacy of tube feeding. " 08/01/2007 - "A randomized trial on the efficacy of a 2-month tube feeding regimen in anorexia nervosa: A 1-year follow-up study." 12/01/2009 - "In the aim to explore the efficacy of tube feeding (TF) in ambulatory anorexia nervosa (AN) patients, we prospectively treated 60 AN patients by tube feeding (TF) at home, using a nasogastric tube. " 07/01/2003 - "Efficacy of voluntary nasogastric tube feeding in female inpatients with anorexia nervosa." 01/01/2021 - "The present study reports a case series where three adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) (two cases with typical AN and one case atypical AN) received nasogastric tube feeding under restraint in line with new dietetic clinical guidelines. "
5.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 01/28/2021 - "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising treatment option for people with severe, enduring anorexia nervosa (SE-AN). " 04/17/2021 - "This paper describes a preliminary study of a potential new treatment for Anorexia Nervosa, transcranial magnetic stimulation. " 07/09/2021 - "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a novel treatment option for people with severe enduring anorexia nervosa (SE-AN), but associated neurobiological changes are poorly understood. " 04/17/2021 - "A pilot trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in anorexia nervosa: resting fMRI correlates of response." 01/01/2016 - "A Randomised Controlled Trial of Neuronavigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Anorexia Nervosa."