Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)

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742 relevant articles (58 outcomes, 70 trials/studies) found for this Disease

Description: A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.

Also Known As:

Lazy Eye; Suppression Amblyopia; Anisometropic Amblyopia; Amblyopia, Developmental; Amblyopia, Stimulus Deprivation-Induced; Amblyopia, Suppression; Stimulus Deprivation-Induced Amblyopia; Amblyopia, Anisometropic; Amblyopia, Stimulus Deprivation Induced; Amblyopias; Amblyopias, Anisometropic; Amblyopias, Developmental; Amblyopias, Stimulus Deprivation-Induced; Amblyopias, Suppression; Anisometropic Amblyopias; Deprivation-Induced Amblyopia, Stimulus; Deprivation-Induced Amblyopias, Stimulus; Developmental Amblyopia; Developmental Amblyopias; Eye, Lazy; Eyes, Lazy; Lazy Eyes; Stimulus Deprivation Induced Amblyopia; Stimulus Deprivation-Induced Amblyopias; Suppression Amblyopias

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Nervous System Diseases: 3424

Neurologic Manifestations: 2879

Sensation Disorders: 47

Vision Disorders: 102

Amblyopia: 742

Central Nervous System Diseases: 931

Brain Diseases: 1121

Amblyopia: 742

Eye Diseases: 1245

Vision Disorders: 102

Amblyopia: 742

Signs and Symptoms Pathological Conditions

Signs and Symptoms

Neurologic Manifestations: 2879

Sensation Disorders: 47

Vision Disorders: 102

Amblyopia: 742

Related Diseases

1.	Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
2.	Anisometropia
3.	Strabismus (Squint)
4.	Refractive Errors (Refractive Error)
5.	Cataract (Cataracts)

Experts

1.	Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group: 8 articles (08/2008 - 08/2003)
2.	Repka, Michael X: 7 articles (08/2008 - 06/2002)
3.	Birch, Eileen E: 5 articles (08/2008 - 11/2003)
4.	Holmes, Jonathan M: 5 articles (08/2008 - 11/2003)
5.	Beck, Roy W: 5 articles (08/2008 - 11/2003)
6.	Kraker, Raymond T: 5 articles (08/2008 - 11/2003)
7.	Cotter, Susan A: 4 articles (08/2008 - 10/2004)
8.	Kushner, Burton J: 4 articles (02/2006 - 03/2002)
9.	Astle, William F: 3 articles (08/2008 - 10/2004)
10.	Scheiman, Mitchell M: 3 articles (02/2005 - 10/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Amblyopia:

1.	Atropine (Hyoscyamine)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2004 - "METHODS: We enrolled 156 children with successfully treated anisometropic or strabismic amblyopia (145 completed follow-up), who were younger than 8 years of age and who received continuous amblyopia treatment for the previous 3 months (prescribed at least 2 hours of daily patching or prescribed at least one drop of atropine per week) and who had improved at least 3 logMAR levels during the period of continuous treatment" 10/01/2004 - "BACKGROUND: Although amblyopia can be successfully treated with patching or atropine, there have been few prospective studies of amblyopia recurrence once treatment is discontinued" 07/01/2007 - "Atropine penalisation and patch occlusion are effective in treating amblyopia" 10/01/2004 - "RECENT FINDINGS: Atropine has been found to be effective in the treatment of amblyopia" 06/01/2005 - "Recent studies have looked at the efficacy of atropine penalization and less patching in the treatment of amblyopia" Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Levodopa (L Dopa)FDA LinkGeneric 03/13/2003 - "This finding supports the previous studies of levodopa effect on amblyopia at the visual cortical level, and suggests that fMRI can be a useful tool in assessing changes of visual cortical activity after the treatment" 01/01/1999 - "Our results should therefore encourage further long-term clinical trials investigating the therapeutic potential of levodopa in amblyopia." 06/01/2005 - "This post-treatment increase of IDIF in subjects with amblyopia may be explained by the decrease in the volume of activation found for the amblyopic eye after L-dopa ( P = 0.038)" 06/01/2005 - "The response to L-dopa was found to be population-specific, as indicated by a significant treatment-by-population interaction for the volume of activation IDIF ( P = 0.018) measure: subjects with amblyopia exhibited a post-treatment increase in the volume of activation IDIF whereas control subjects showed a less prominent decrease" 06/01/2005 - "PURPOSE: We investigated the effects of a single dose of levodopa (L-dopa) on the level and extent of visual cortex activation of subjects with amblyopia and normal subjects using blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)" Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Carbidopa (Lodosyn)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1995 - "CONCLUSION: The present study confirms previous findings of improvement in visual function in amblyopia after levodopa/carbidopa administration" 11/01/1993 - "To determine the tolerability and efficacy of levodopa/carbidopa combined with occlusion therapy for childhood amblyopia, a double-masked placebo-controlled randomized longitudinal study was performed on 10 amblyopic children between 6 and 14 years of age" 09/01/1992 - "A pilot study was undertaken to address the tolerance and efficacy of levodopa/carbidopa treatment for amblyopia in older amblyopic children who failed to respond to conventional occlusion therapy" 12/01/2002 - "PURPOSE: To study the role of levodopa-carbidopa in supplementing occlusion therapy in older children with strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia" 12/01/1999 - "PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and tolerance of a levodopa/carbidopa combination and to test its dose-effect response when combined with occlusion therapy for children with amblyopia" Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 12/01/2007 - "MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Study Group, consisting in nine subjects with amblyopia and anomalous retinal correspondence, and a Control Group of nine normal subjects, were examined" 09/01/2006 - "PURPOSE: This study was designed to assess and compare the thicknesses of the fovea and the retinal nerve fiber layer in normal children and children with amblyopia" 07/01/1995 - "For many years amblyopia was considered to be a retinal disorder; it has now been well established through animal studies that amblyopia represents functional and morphological effects of visual deprivation on the visual cortex and the lateral geniculate nucleus" 04/01/1994 - "Since the pupil response to light flux changes is not mediated exclusively via the retinal projection to the midbrain and may also involve the activity of central visual pathways, the results obtained in this study cannot be used to provide definitive evidence for the site of abnormality in amblyopia." 02/01/1967 - "Retinal function studies in hysterical amblyopia" Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Cytidine Diphosphate Choline (Citicoline)IBA 01/01/2008 - "PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect on visual function of orally administered CDP-choline in addition to patching for the treatment of amblyopia in children" 05/01/1995 - "Our results suggest that trials of citicoline as a medical treatment of amblyopia are warranted." 06/01/2006 - "The results of the use of cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (citicoline) in amblyopia are evaluated in detail" 05/01/1995 - "Fifty patients with amblyopia were treated with citicoline (1000 mg i.m" 05/01/1995 - "In this paper, preliminary results are presented of an open and a double-blind study on the effect of citicoline in amblyopia" Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	SteroidsIBA 01/01/2001 - "CONCLUSIONS: Because steroids affect neural plasticity, we hypothesize that they facilitate and enhance visual improvement in amblyopia, a quality that may be tested in future controlled trials." 04/15/2007 - "As part of this protocol, surgery is indicated for lesions that continue to cause amblyopia despite treatment with systemic or intralesional steroids or both" 05/01/1991 - "Fifteen patients with enlarging lesions thought to be at risk of causing amblyopia were treated with intralesional steroids as soon after presentation as possible" 08/01/2001 - "Combined treatment of a proliferative peri-orbital haemangioma with a tuneable dye laser and intra-lesional steroids to prevent deprivation amblyopia." 01/01/2001 - "Possible role of corticosteroids in nervous system plasticity: improvement in amblyopia after optic neuritis in the fellow eye treated with steroids." Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Dopamine Agonists (Dopamine Agonist)IBA 01/01/1999 - "To determine the efficacy of the dopamine agonist levodopa for childhood amblyopia, a double-masked, placebo-controlled randomised study was performed on 32 amblyopic children with central fixation between 4 and 17 years" Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	CosmeticsIBA 09/01/1996 - "Based on a 2-6-years postoperative follow-up and different results, the author compares two sub-groups of children in the investigated group: - 72 children operated at the age of 0.5-2 years - 45 children operated at the age of 2-4 years In the first group satisfactory cosmetic results were achieved in 84.7% of the operated children, amblyopia was cured in 86.1% children, but binocular functions are present (simple ones) in 29.1% children, complete ones in 11.1%" 11/01/1999 - "In both cases, immediate resolution of occlusion amblyopia and cosmetic disfiguration was achieved" 05/15/1997 - "Such lesions deserve early treatment, not just as cosmetic emergencies, but to prevent secondary amblyopia" 11/01/1996 - "Indication for treatment was a marked cosmetic defect, imminent amblyopia and progression of the haemangioma" 09/01/1996 - "In the second group satisfactory cosmetic results were achieved in 77.7% of the operated children, amblyopia disappeared in 71% patients and simple binocular functions were present only in 13.3% children and complete one were not achieved in any of the children" Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	ROPIBA 07/01/1988 - "Amblyopia was present in 6% of the ROP group and in only 1.4% of babies without ROP" 11/01/1989 - "Strabismus, amblyopia, and refraction anomalies occurred more frequently in the ROP group" 01/01/1993 - "Up to 5 years follow-up revealed a significantly higher frequency of strabismus (40% vs 8%), myopia (25% vs 4%), and amblyopia (33% vs 6%) in infants with ROP than in those without ROP" 06/01/2007 - "73 cases (41.2%) were with avoidable blindness and visual impairment including ROP, refractive error and amblyopia after cataract surgery, V/A in 14 cases (7.9%) could be improved after treatment" 01/01/2002 - "Ophthalmology changes were found in almost all forms, from the most complicated (ROP, coloboma horioretinae, congenital glaucoma, congenital cataract), to the simpler ones on which are less difficult to treat (refraction changes, amblyopia, strabismus, ptosis etc)" Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 02/01/2002 - "All children with orbital hemangiomas with a functional risk of amblyopia were initially treated with corticosteroids" 02/01/2008 - "Therefore, astigmatism, not anisometropia or amblyopia, is the immediate indication for treatment of PCH with intralesional corticosteroids" 01/01/2001 - "Possible role of corticosteroids in nervous system plasticity: improvement in amblyopia after optic neuritis in the fellow eye treated with steroids." Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Eyeglasses (Spectacles) 06/01/2006 - "Although most cases of resolution occur with moderate (20/40-20/100) amblyopia, the average 3-line improvement in VA resulting from treatment with spectacles may lessen the burden of subsequent amblyopia therapy for those with denser levels of amblyopia." 06/01/2000 - "CONCLUSION: Occlusion is more effective in the treatment of strabismic amblyopia than spectacles alone, and the effect is optimal within the first 6 months of wear" 10/15/1986 - "Optic penalization of each eye by two pairs of spectacles, overcorrecting each eye on alternate days, has been effective in preserving visual acuity in 16 patients who had been successfully treated for strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia" 11/01/2006 - "CONCLUSION: Correction with spectacles is effective for the treatment of heterophoria in hyperopic children with amblyopia." 06/01/2007 - "METHODS: Twelve patients with previously untreated strabismic amblyopia were prescribed spectacles and examined at five-week intervals until visual acuity was not improved from the prior visit" Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) 12/01/2004 - "PURPOSE: To evaluate improvement in best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in adult patients with amblyopia" 05/01/2008 - "CONCLUSIONS: LASIK seems to be an effective and safe procedure for the management of hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia in select cases" 05/01/2008 - "METHODS: Thirty-two children with anisometropic amblyopia in whom conventional therapy was unsuccessful underwent unilateral LASIK between 1999 and 2005" 05/01/2008 - "LASIK in children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia." 12/01/2007 - "Facilitation of amblyopia management by laser in situ keratomileusis in high anisometropic hyperopic and myopic children." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Orthoptics (Orthoptic) 06/01/1987 - "In this paper the major optometric, ophthalmologic, and orthoptic literature on the efficacy of vision therapy for amblyopia has been surveyed" 05/01/1998 - "Critical (foveal) flicker fusion frequency (CFF) is helpful in differential diagnosis of organic lesions from orthoptic amblyopias]" 01/01/1948 - "Monocular amblyopia ex anopsia improved by astigmatic correction and orthoptic training; a case report." 12/01/2004 - "PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: In the 'Tübingen Kindergarten study', an orthoptic screening program for amblyopia in three-year-olds was evaluated" 06/29/2002 - "DESIGN: Follow up of outcomes of treatment for amblyopia in a randomised controlled trial comparing intensive orthoptic screening at 8, 12, 18, 25, 31, and 37 months (intensive group) with orthoptic screening at 37 months only (control group)" Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Photorefractive Keratectomy 01/01/2004 - "PURPOSE: To assess the safety and efficacy of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in children with anisometropic amblyopia and to define the characteristics of children who may be candidates for PRK" 11/01/2006 - "Photorefractive keratectomy for amblyopia." 03/01/2006 - "METHODS: An interventional non-comparative study was performed on 50 consecutive patients with amblyopia treated with photorefractive keratectomy" 03/01/2006 - "PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual and refractive outcome in adult patients wi th refractive and anisometropic amblyopia treated with photorefractive keratectomy" 02/01/2006 - "Long-term outcomes of photorefractive keratectomy for anisometropic amblyopia in children." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Refractive Surgical Procedures 01/01/2006 - "CONCLUSION: During the period of visual cortical plasticity, refractive surgery, by eliminating the refractive component of amblyopia and by promoting fusional ability, provides considerable improvement in children, even those with underlying medical conditions associated with ocular pathology." 04/01/1986 - "Visual acuity results varied with the timing of refractive surgery, density of the amblyopia, and the parents' ability to maintain the patching schedule" 03/01/2006 - "CONCLUSIONS: Excimer laser refractive surgery appears to be a safe and efficient procedure in the treatment of ametropic and anisometropic amblyopia in adults" 03/01/2006 - "Visual outcome after excimer laser refractive surgery in adult patients with amblyopia." 05/01/2007 - "PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that anisometropic adults without significant amblyopia suffer from mild visual impairment probably due to aniseikonia, which might be improved by corneal refractive surgery" Order ALL the reference details at left...

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