Albuminuria

1.	Diabetic Nephropathies (Diabetic Nephropathy)
2.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
3.	Proteinuria
4.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)
5.	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (MODY)

Experts

1.	Freedman, Barry I: 4 articles (08/2008 - 04/2005)
2.	Wagenknecht, Lynne E: 4 articles (08/2008 - 04/2005)
3.	Liu, Yongmei: 4 articles (08/2008 - 04/2005)
4.	Wachtell, Kristian: 4 articles (03/2006 - 09/2004)
5.	Dahlöf, Björn: 4 articles (03/2006 - 09/2004)
6.	Ibsen, Hans: 4 articles (03/2006 - 09/2004)
7.	Borch-Johnsen, Knut: 4 articles (03/2006 - 09/2004)
8.	Olsen, Michael H: 4 articles (03/2006 - 09/2004)
9.	Rich, Stephen S: 3 articles (08/2008 - 04/2005)
10.	Bowden, Donald W: 3 articles (08/2008 - 04/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Albuminuria:

1.	Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)IBA 07/01/1995 - "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition induced a significant reduction during the whole treatment period of blood pressure (137/85 +/- 3/1 mm Hg; P < 0.01) and albuminuria (392 +/- 1.4 microns/min; P < 0.01), and the rate of decline in GFR was 4.4 +/- 0.7 mL/min/yr, in contrast to previous reports of 10 to 14 mL/min/yr (natural history)" 11/01/2006 - "In addition, we evaluated the parameters that predict the albuminuria-lowering efficacy of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor" 01/01/2003 - "BACKGROUND: Increased urine albumin excretion (UAE) predicts nephropathy progression in type 2 diabetes, whereas improved blood pressure (BP) control and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition ameliorate both albuminuria and nephropathy progression" 03/01/2006 - "OBJECTIVE: This study estimated the cost-effectiveness,from the Dutch health care perspective, of screening for albuminuria in the general Dutch population to prevent cardiovascular events (CVEs) with subsequent angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment, using data from the Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage Disease Intervention Trial (PREVEND IT)" 07/01/2007 - "To assess that hypothesis, we evaluated the association of albuminuria with eNOS genotypes and their interacting potential with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism" Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	CreatinineIBA 08/01/1989 - "Concerning high risk albuminuria (overnight excretion rate greater than 30 micrograms/min), we found a sensitivity and predictive value of the first morning collection highly improved by the albumin/creatinine ratio" 06/15/2007 - "The comparison between the groups after the intervention showed a significantly important improvement in the IG for 4 to 6 of the procedures: examination of the feet, fundoscopy, creatinine clearance and micro-albuminuria" 01/01/2006 - "The combination of abnormal creatinine and albuminuria had an improved performance but still failed to detect a large number with CKD (sensitivity 82.4%, specificity 75.4%)" 04/01/2000 - "The increase was almost eliminated when the albumin result was divided by the creatinine concentration suggesting that a decreased urine flow and not increased glomerular permeability causes an increase of post-exercise albuminuria" 01/01/1992 - "We have compared microalbuminuria, the relationship between urine albumin and creatinine and the clearance of albumin in relationship to albuminuria (as defined by the relationship of albumin and creatinine clearance)" Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)IBA 05/01/1996 - "In conclusion, ACE inhibitors are the only drugs that have been proven, in controlled clinical trials, to be effective in preventing progression from micro-albuminuria to overt nephropathy" 05/01/2003 - "CONCLUSION: Dual blockade of the RAS is superior to maximal recommended dose of ACE inhibitors with regard to lowering of albuminuria and blood pressure in type 1 patients with DN" 03/01/2003 - "Several clinical trials have consistently shown that antihypertensive treatment, particularly with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) reduces albuminuria in Type 1 diabetic patients" 01/01/2002 - "Albuminuria has been shown to identify patients with an increased cardiovascular risk, and in clinical studies ACE inhibitors reduce the urinary protein excretion" 01/01/1993 - "Long-term studies, recently published, suggest that ACE inhibitors have a beneficial effect on albuminuria and progression of nephropathy, irrespective of their hemodynamic effects" Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Enalapril FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1997 - "OBJECTIVE: This study determines the long-term efficacy of the ACE inhibitor, enalapril, in reducing the progression of microalbuminuria to clinical albuminuria in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes" 08/01/1992 - "Enalapril reduced both albuminuria (from 583 +/- 53 to 286 +/- 55 mg/day, P less than 0.001) and the fractional clearance of albumin (FCAlb) each day after starting treatment but did not affect glomerular filtration rate (GFR)" 03/01/1994 - "The objective of this study was to examine the effect of enalapril on the TERalb of diabetic patients with albuminuria and normal or mildly elevated blood pressure" 11/01/1989 - "These short-term studies showed that enalapril reduced arterial blood pressure (101 +/- 2 vs. 124 +/- 3 mm Hg, group 2 vs. 1, P less than 0.05) and glomerular capillary pressure (54 +/- 1 vs. 61 +/- 2 mm Hg, P less than 0.05) without reducing albuminuria (617 +/- 50 vs. 570 +/- 47 mg/day) or GFR (1.03 +/- 0.04 vs. 1.04 +/- 0.11 ml/min)" 09/01/2008 - "Long-term effect of a chicken-based diet versus enalapril on albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 04/01/1996 - "Effect of improved glycemic control on blood pressure and albuminuria of insulin-dependent diabetes without nephropathy." 10/14/1995 - "CONCLUSIONS--Intensive therapy with improved glycaemic control for three years had no impact on the progression of albuminuria in insulin dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria" 02/01/2004 - "AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: This study was done to measure the effect of Na+ intake on blood pressure and albuminuria, in relation with insulin sensitivity and kidney haemodynamics, in Type 2 diabetic patients with and without microalbuminuria" 04/01/1996 - "In conclusion, this study showed that albuminuria was a prognostic factor for vascular morbidity and death in type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin but not in patients treated with diet or oral agents" 10/14/1995 - "OBJECTIVE--To study the effect of intensive therapy of diabetes on the progression to clinical albuminuria in insulin dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria" Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Losartan (Cozaar)FDA Link 04/01/2002 - "CONCLUSIONS: Losartan 50 mg was effective in reducing blood pressure and albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients" 09/01/2003 - "MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied the efficacy of losartan (50 mg once daily for 12 weeks) on albuminuria, peripheral and autonomic neuropathy in 25 normotensive microalbuminuric type 2 diabetics who were asymptomatic for neuropathy" 07/01/2008 - "The benefit in favor of losartan was partly related to its major influence on albuminuria" 12/01/2007 - "The group treated with losartan had lowered blood pressure and a lack of albuminuria or renal injury" 03/01/2006 - "Approximately one-fifth of the superiority of losartan was explained by the greater reduction of albuminuria" Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2000 - "No difference in albuminuria was observed among the 3 groups of rats; (3) the fractional mesangial area, which was 20.55+/-3.77% in untreated rats, was significantly reduced to 11.18+/-1.32% in DZN-treated rats, with a further reduction to 8.72+/-0.64% in LIS-treated rats and to 3.48+/-0.35% in rats treated with DZN+LIS; and (4) DZN but not LIS significantly improved plasma glucose levels in spontaneously hypertensive corpulent rats (untreated 21.06+/-0.97 mmol/L versus DZN treated 15.81+/-0.93 mmol/L or DZN+LIS treated 17.38+/-1.10 mmol/L; P<0.025 to 0.005)" 11/01/2004 - "CONCLUSION: This Australian population-based study shows that albuminuria is common among patients with established diabetes, is present before the onset of diabetes, and becomes more prevalent with worsening glucose tolerance." 09/01/2000 - "Cardiovascular autonomic function is associated with (micro-)albuminuria in elderly Caucasian sujects with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn Study." 04/01/2008 - "Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that older age, longer diabetes duration, central adiposity, increased height, higher fasting serum glucose, albuminuria and aboriginality were significant independent positive predictors of prevalent neuropathy, while systolic blood pressure and fibrate use (odds ratio 0.30, 95% CI 0.10-0.86; p=0.025) were negatively associated" 02/01/2008 - "In men, when BP-C3 was used as a reference, multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, body mass index, serum lipid profiles, fasting plasma glucose and smoking status showed that BP-C1, BP-C2, BP-C4, BP-C5 and BP-C6 were associated with albuminuria with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.85 (0.53-6.46), 1.22 (0.59-2.51), 1.62 (1.01-2.59), 2.57 (1.64-4.02), and 3.81 (2.44-5.96)" Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	Perindopril FDA Link 08/01/1993 - "In one part of the Perindopril and Therapeutic Safety Study (PUTS) the effect of a 6-week treatment with placebo or 4 mg/d of perindopril (Coversum, CAS 82834-16-0) on kidney function and albuminuria was investigated in 56 hypertensives with concomitant nephropathy" 06/01/2005 - "This effect of perindopril on NMN clearance was seen in both men and women, regardless of baseline clearance and was correlated with reduced albuminuria following perindopril treatment" 07/01/2003 - "RESULTS: Despite a similar reduction in blood pressure by perindopril and oma10, greater attenuation of albuminuria was afforded by oma10, with a complete amelioration observed with oma40" 03/01/2002 - "Late-onset perindopril treatment of diabetic rats with established nephropathy was as efficacious as early treatment with respect to various renal parameters, such as albuminuria, but was associated with moderate progression of glomerulosclerosis." 08/01/1993 - "In a subgroup of patients with isolated albuminuria ACE inhibition reduced significantly the urinary albumin excretion (perindopril: -292 +/- 205 mg/g creat" Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Streptozocin (Streptozotocin)FDA Link 03/01/1996 - "In this study, streptozotocin diabetic rats developed albuminuria and significantly increased D/P of albumin after the fourth week of disease, reaching peak levels at the end of the 24 week period of follow-up" 02/01/2008 - "Induction of diabetes with streptozotocin in these transgenic mice led to significant increases in BP, albuminuria, RPTC apoptosis, and proapoptotic gene expression compared with diabetic nontransgenic littermates" 03/01/2006 - "The relationship of p38MAPK with in vivo Pod structure and albuminuria (Ualb) was assessed in rats with streptozotocin (SZ)-induced diabetes (DM) for 1 week, 1 month, and 4 months" 01/01/2003 - "AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats are characterized by the development of albuminuria" 01/01/1997 - "The effects of dietary salt restriction on the renin-angiotensin system, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal size, and albuminuria were assessed in streptozotocin diabetic rats" Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Angiotensin IIIBA 01/01/2006 - "Several studies have demonstrated the effects of angiotensin II antagonists on the reduction of albuminuria and the progression of renal disease from microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria" 09/01/2008 - "CONCLUSION: The present results suggest the contribution of augmented intrarenal angiotensin II levels to the initiation and progression of albuminuria as well as podocyte abnormalities in type 2 diabetic rats" 11/01/2006 - "The finding that chronic ACE2 inhibition increases UAE suggests that ACE2, likely by modulating the levels of glomerular angiotensin II via its degradation, may be a target for therapeutic interventions that aim to reduce albuminuria and glomerular injury." 02/01/2004 - "Chronic angiotensin II infusion caused albuminuria only in the C57BL/6 strain, and TP deficiency did not alter its development" 02/01/2003 - "Angiotensin II subtype 1 (AT1) receptor antagonists reduce albuminuria and lower blood pressure, but the initial time course of these effects after initiation of treatment is unknown" Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Nephrectomy 03/01/2003 - "CONCLUSIONS: The gradual uninephrectomy in the SA group, insufficient per se to produce significant renal damage, preconditioned the residual kidney, upon further removal of another 1 / (2) kidney, to more albuminuria and FSG lesions than occurred following sudden 1- 1 / (2) nephrectomy, despite similarly elevated BP. Perhaps more time for glomerular enlargement in the SA group preconditioned the remnant kidney to accelerated injury." 05/01/2001 - "During followup albuminuria after ureteroureterostomy did not differ from that after unilateral nephrectomy" 10/01/1982 - "Institution of a low-sodium diet at the time of partial nephrectomy prevented plasma volume expansion and albuminuria as well" 11/01/2000 - "In the present study, the genetic basis of hypertension-associated ESRF in an F2 intercross consisting of 337 animals, in which systolic BP, UPV, albuminuria, and FGS, were studied at 8 wk after a unilateral nephrectomy performed at 5 to 6 wk of age" 12/01/2006 - "In addition, we verified BUN and albuminuria as useful markers to detect kidney disease in aged mice and mice with 5/6-nephrectomy" Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 09/01/2004 - "A Cox proportional hazard regression analysis with gender and age as fixed covariates and remission as time-dependent covariate revealed that obtaining remission was associated with a lower risk of dialysis, transplantation, or death, relative risk (95% CI) 0.28 (0.13 to 0.59), P= 0.001, whereas older age at onset of nephrotic range albuminuria (per 10-year increase) was associated with higher risk of reaching the end point, 1.42 (1.08 to 1.87), P= 0.01" 07/15/2007 - "BACKGROUND: The effect of islet cell transplantation (ICT) on renal function in type 1 diabetes is uncertain and some recent studies report a significant decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and worsening of albuminuria" 06/01/1999 - "Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and albuminuria (UaV) were determined at the time of transplantation and at 8 and 16 weeks" 11/01/1998 - "Albuminuria after fetal pancreatic islet transplantation: a 10-year follow-up." 08/01/1995 - "Hypercholesterolaemia > or = 6.9 mmol L-1 at 6 months after transplantation, present in 41/115 patients, was associated with a lower GFR (P = 0.007) and more pronounced albuminuria (P = 0.009) at 2 years" Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Exercise (Aerobic Exercise) 10/01/2000 - "This study shows that aerobic exercise intervention significantly improved metabolic control and reduced albuminuria in a rat model of type 2 diabetes." 01/01/1996 - "Physical exercise causes transient albuminuria" 05/01/1983 - "During good diabetes control, albumin excretion is normal; however, physical exercise unmasks changes in albuminuria not demonstrable in the resting situation" 12/01/1989 - "Physical exercise can induce micro-albuminuria, a urinary albumin excretion rate of 20-200 micrograms/min, in diabetics without micro-albuminuria at rest (stage II of diabetic nephropathy)" Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 10/01/2005 - "Although we did not observe an effect of HAART on ACR during the first 64 weeks of therapy, we cannot exclude the possibility that HAART may be beneficial in those patients with significant albuminuria prior to treatment" 10/01/2005 - "The effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on albuminuria in HIV-infected persons: results from a randomized trial." 10/01/2005 - "Five of these seven subjects had substantial improvements in ACR, ranging from 45 to 95%, with HAART use; three subjects had resolution of albuminuria" 10/01/2005 - "We also estimated the prevalence of albuminuria, defined as an ACR > or =3.4 mg/mmol, in these subjects prior to initiation of HAART" 10/01/2005 - "Longitudinal studies have not been performed previously addressing the effects of HAART on albuminuria" Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Protein-Restricted Diet (Diet, Protein Restricted) 05/01/2006 - "Mariano Semmola (1831-1895): the effect of low protein diet in primary albuminuria." 07/01/1995 - "This suggests that moderately protein-restricted diets can reduce mu-albuminuria in diabetic patients suffering from incipient nephropathy, the degree of reduction depending on the degree of restriction" 01/01/1988 - "After low protein diet we found a significant decrease in GFR (P less than 0.05) and also in albuminuria (P less than 0.01)" 01/01/2000 - "Low-protein diet decreases hyperfiltration and albuminuria, and slows down the decrease in glomerular filtration in diabetic patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy (DN)" 09/01/1990 - "In patients with progressive albuminuria or proteinuria prescription of a low-protein diet with 10% protein should be considered as supplementation to antihypertensive treatment" Order ALL the reference details at left...

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