medullary Thyroid cancer

A neuroendocrine carcinoma that originates in the C-cells of the THYROID GLAND; about 10-20% of cases are familial. It occurs sporadically or is associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA SYNDROMES. Germline and somatic mutations in RET and NTRK1 genes have been identified. OMIM: 155240

Also Known As:

Networked: 958 relevant articles (54 outcomes, 107 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasm Metastasis (Metastasis)
2.	Thyroid Neoplasms (Thyroid Cancer)
3.	Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
4.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
5.	medullary Thyroid cancer

Experts

1.	Dralle, Henning: 26 articles (06/2022 - 01/2004)
2.	Machens, Andreas: 24 articles (06/2022 - 01/2004)
3.	Chen, Herbert: 24 articles (12/2020 - 12/2003)
4.	Elisei, Rossella: 21 articles (01/2022 - 01/2004)
5.	Kunnimalaiyaan, Muthusamy: 16 articles (11/2013 - 12/2003)
6.	Schlumberger, Martin: 14 articles (02/2022 - 05/2003)
7.	Sherman, Steven I: 13 articles (01/2021 - 07/2008)
8.	Hu, Mimi I: 11 articles (10/2021 - 01/2011)
9.	Shah, Manisha H: 11 articles (01/2020 - 01/2009)
10.	Jarzab, Barbara: 10 articles (01/2022 - 05/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to medullary Thyroid cancer:

1.	vandetanib (ZD6474)IBA 02/01/2017 - "In a phase III trial, Western patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) treated with the oral multikinase inhibitor vandetanib showed significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (ORR) compared with placebo. " 04/01/2015 - "A randomized phase III trial demonstrated that vandetanib treatment is effective in patients with metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), leading to regulatory approval, but its use may be associated with toxicities that require specific monitoring and management. " 08/01/2019 - "Vandetanib is effective for treating symptomatic or progressive medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease, but its toxicity such as photosensitivity reactions should be considered. " 01/01/2019 - "Safety and efficacy of two starting doses of vandetanib in advanced medullary thyroid cancer." 01/01/2019 - "Vandetanib has been shown to improve progression-free survival in adults with advanced medullary thyroid cancer. "
2.	Calcitonin (Calcitonin, Eel)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2016 - "Postoperative biochemical remission of serum calcitonin is the best predictive factor for recurrence-free survival of medullary thyroid cancer: a large-scale retrospective analysis over 30 years." 01/01/2022 - "Metastatic dissemination occurs in up to 90% of patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) greater than 4 cm in diameter, and elevated calcitonin levels of more than 500 pg/ml preoperatively have been shown to predict the failure to achieve biochemical remission. " 07/01/2010 - "Calcitonin is considered to be a sensitive marker for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) therefore early detection and surgical treatment may help to improve the clinical prognosis of MTC. " 01/01/2014 - "Calcitonin measurement in aspiration needle washout fluids has higher sensitivity than cytology in detecting medullary thyroid cancer: a retrospective multicentre study." 07/01/2003 - "In the present study, we tested the therapeutic capacity of an adenovirus expressing a dominant-negative (dn) RET mutant, RET(51).flag, under the control of a synthetic C cell-selective calcitonin promoter (TSE2.CP1) against human medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). "
3.	cabozantinibIBA 01/01/2019 - "The Efficacy of XL184 (Cabozantinib) in Advanced Medullary Thyroid Cancer (EXAM) trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of cabozantinib in patients with unresectable locally advanced, metastatic and progressive MTC. " 08/01/2017 - "This study evaluated factors impacting QTc interval in a phase 3 trial of cabozantinib in progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). " 12/15/2016 - "Correlative analyses of RET and RAS mutations in a phase 3 trial of cabozantinib in patients with progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer." 01/01/2014 - "This review summarizes the clinical pharmacology, clinical trials, and safety data for cabozantinib and concludes with a discussion of possible future directions for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. " 08/01/2013 - "A Phase III clinical trial (EXAM study) of XL184 versus placebo in advanced and progressive medullary thyroid cancer showed a 28 versus 0% overall response rate and a progression-free survival of 11.2 versus 4.0 months (hazard ratio: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.19-0.40; p < 0.0001) in patients treated with cabozantinib and placebo, respectively. "
4.	Carcinoembryonic AntigenIBA 09/17/2018 - "Carcinoembryonic antigen levels correlated with advanced disease in medullary thyroid cancer." 04/01/2013 - "To raise clinical awareness of carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA) increased as initial manifestation of medullary thyroid cancer(MTC) and explore the diagnosis and treatment. " 04/01/2013 - "[Carcinoembryonic antigen increased as initial manifestation of medullary thyroid cancer (report of 2 cases and review of the literature)]." 03/01/2007 - "Abnormal carcinoembryonic antigen levels and medullary thyroid cancer progression: a multivariate analysis." 01/01/2000 - "Initial experience with high-dose radioimmunotherapy of metastatic medullary thyroid cancer using 131I-MN-14 F(ab)2 anti-carcinoembryonic antigen MAb and AHSCR."
5.	selpercatinibIBA 12/01/2022 - "Thus, selpercatinib may be a promising treatment alternative in patients with ectopic Cushing’s syndrome due to medullary thyroid cancer, especially when other treatment options are ineffective or not tolerated." 01/01/2022 - "We present an update on the prevalence of RET indels in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and describe the efficacy of selpercatinib in patients with advanced MTC with RET indels. " 11/16/2023 - "Selpercatinib, a highly selective, potent RET inhibitor, has shown efficacy in advanced RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer in a phase 1-2 trial, but its efficacy as compared with approved multikinase inhibitors is unclear. " 11/16/2023 - "Phase 3 Trial of Selpercatinib in Advanced RET-Mutant Medullary Thyroid Cancer." 07/01/2023 - "Clinical trials are currently underway to determine the optimal sequencing of selpercatinib in RET fusion-positive lung and RET-mutated medullary thyroid cancer in the first-line setting compared to the current standard of care. "
6.	Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006)FDA Link 01/01/2015 - "Efficacy of sorafenib in advanced differentiated and medullary thyroid cancer: experience in a Turkish population." 11/09/2023 - "Familial Clinical Heterogeneity of Medullary Thyroid Cancer with Germline RET S891A Protooncogene Mutation: 7-Year Follow-up with Successful Sorafenib Treatment." 12/01/2021 - "The patient has received sorafenib for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) from 3 weeks ago. " 04/01/2019 - "First Line Sorafenib Treatment for Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Efficacy and Safety Analysis." 03/01/2016 - "Sorafenib for the Treatment of Progressive Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Efficacy and Safety Analysis."
7.	AntibodiesIBA 06/01/1996 - "This study evaluates the pharmacokinetics, dosimetry, toxicity and therapeutic potential of radiolabeled NP-4 and MN-14 anti-CEA antibodies in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). " 06/01/1996 - "Radioimmunotherapy of medullary thyroid cancer with iodine-131-labeled anti-CEA antibodies." 03/01/1997 - "Especially favorable conditions for anti-CEA antibodies seem to prevail in colorectal cancer patients having minimal disease, as well as in medullary thyroid cancer, where cytotoxic tumor doses might be expected. " 12/01/1997 - "Improved selection of patients for reoperation for medullary thyroid cancer by imaging with radiolabeled anticarcinoembryonic antigen antibodies." 04/01/1996 - "Improved detection of medullary thyroid cancer with radiolabeled antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen."
8.	IodineIBA 08/01/2023 - "Although it is generally accepted that medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) cells do not take up iodine, there are reports indicating that this can occur. " 11/01/2021 - "Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is infrequently found among all thyroid nodules in previously iodine deficient regions. " 04/01/2015 - "Tumor heterogeneity seems to be a predictor of response to PRRT in patients with iodine-refractory differentiated/advanced medullary thyroid cancer and outperforms conventional PET parameters like standardized uptake value. " 11/01/2015 - "They include advanced forms offollicular cell derived well-diferentiated thyroid cancer that are not amenable to radioactive iodine treatment (4 to 5 cases per million population per year), advanced forms of medullary thyroid cancer (1 case per 1-2 million population per year) and all anaplastic cancers (1 case per million population per year). " 01/01/2016 - "Although non-medullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) generally has a good prognosis, 30-40% of patients with distant metastases develop resistance to radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy due to tumor dedifferentiation. "
9.	Radioisotopes (Radionuclides)IBA 09/01/2003 - "The role of radionuclide therapy in medullary thyroid cancer." 03/01/2023 - "Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in Patients With Advanced Progressive Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Efficacy, Safety, and Survival Predictors." 11/19/2021 - "Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer: The Role of 68Gallium-DOTA-Somatostatin Analogue PET/CT and Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy." 01/01/2015 - "Is there a role for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in medullary thyroid cancer?" 05/20/2021 - "Efficacy and safety of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in advanced radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer and metastatic medullary thyroid cancer: a systematic review."
10.	Dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa)IBA 08/01/2021 - "PET imaging with F-18 DOPA (FDOPA) and Ga-68 DOTATATE (TATE) shows the most promising results to detect medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) recurrence. " 01/01/2022 - "18F-DOPA Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (18F-DOPA PET/CT) is a sensitive functional imaging method (65-75%) for detecting disease localization in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). " 01/01/2006 - "For neuroendocrine tumors and in particular in medullary thyroid cancer, DOPA is similar to 18F-fluoride in providing high quality information regarding the skeleton. " 03/01/2022 - "For medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), a neuroendocrine tumor derived from thyroid C-cells, [18F]F-dihydroxyphenylalanine (6-[18F]FDOPA) PET/CT and/or [18F]FDG PET/CT can be used dependent on serum markers levels and kinetics. " 10/01/2011 - "Medullary thyroid cancer recurrences are often difficult to detect using conventional imaging and traditional radionuclide studies, whereas [18F]FDG and [18F]fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) PET and PET/CT show promise for localizing the often elusive source (s) of elevated calcitonin in these patients."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2020 - "For patients with widely invasive medullary thyroid cancer, in whom the risk of surgical complications is high and the likelihood of surgical remission is low, these agents may replace surgery depending on the response to therapy and long-term tolerance. " 05/01/2008 - "Systemic therapeutic options are limited for medullary thyroid cancer, but several therapeutic targets show promise for the development of new therapies in the future." 05/01/2003 - "The use of PP1, which therefore acts as a degradation-inducing factor, may represent a promising new strategy to selectively target RET oncogenic products for destruction and holds promise for future medullary thyroid cancer therapy." 12/01/2012 - "We hypothesized that autophagy inhibition would enhance the anticancer efficacy of ret protooncogene-targeted therapy in medullary thyroid cancer. " 05/01/2019 - "Preclinical trials of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) therapeutics require both in vitro and in vivo analyses. "
2.	Radioimmunotherapy 06/01/2012 - "Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (pRAIT) in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC)." 02/15/2010 - "Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy in rapidly progressing, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer." 09/01/2009 - "Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy in the treatment of metastatic medullary thyroid cancer." 10/01/1999 - "Assessment of combined radioimmunotherapy and chemotherapy for treatment of medullary thyroid cancer." 10/01/1999 - "We performed several radioimmunotherapy (RIT) experiments in nude mice grafted with LS174T colon carcinoma or TT medullary thyroid cancer. "
3.	Thyroidectomy 11/01/2022 - "This study suggests that the extent of thyroidectomy does not influence survival for patients with early-stage localized medullary thyroid cancer and that thyroid lobectomy might be adequate in this patient population." 11/01/2022 - "This study aimed to clarify whether the extent of thyroidectomy (total thyroidectomy vs thyroid lobectomy) influences survival in adults with localized medullary thyroid cancer. " 11/01/2022 - "Forty-seven patients with localized medullary thyroid cancer were identified in an independent Chinese cohort (n = 29 in total thyroidectomy group vs n = 18 in thyroid lobectomy group). " 11/01/2022 - "There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival or disease-specific survival in patients with localized medullary thyroid cancer undergoing total thyroidectomy or thyroid lobectomy (hazard ratio = 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.44-1.57, P = .57 and hazard ratio = 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.10-2.41, P = .39, respectively). " 11/01/2022 - "Total thyroidectomy vs thyroid lobectomy for localized medullary thyroid cancer in adults: A propensity-matched survival analysis."
4.	Lymph Node Excision (Lymph Node Dissection) 08/01/2009 - "This study sought to define the need for lymph node dissection in Rearranged during Transfection (RET) carriers at risk for hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. " 12/01/2021 - "Omission of lateral lymph node dissection in medullary thyroid cancer without a desmoplastic stromal reaction." 01/01/2013 - "Surgical approach to the management of medullary thyroid cancer: when is lymph node dissection needed?" 04/01/2011 - "Survival implications of cervical lymphadenectomy in patients with medullary thyroid cancer." 04/01/2007 - "Initial lymph node dissection increases cure rates in patients with medullary thyroid cancer."
5.	Radiotherapy 07/01/2008 - "The purpose of this study is to catalog modern-era postoperative radiotherapy (external beam radiotherapy [EBRT]) outcomes for advanced medullary thyroid cancer. " 11/27/2023 - "Use of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) in locoregionally advanced medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) remains controversial. " 11/27/2023 - "Decreasing utilization for postoperative radiation therapy in locoregionally advanced medullary thyroid cancer." 07/01/2022 - "External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is rarely used to treat patients with differentiated or medullary thyroid cancer. " 08/09/2021 - "Stereotactic radiotherapy is a useful treatment option for patients with medullary thyroid cancer."