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succinic acid mono- (4- (18- (4- (3- carboxypropionyloxy)- 2,6,6- trimethyl- 3- oxocyclohex- 1- enyl)- 3,7,12,16- tetramethyloctadeca- 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17- nonaenyl)- 3,5,5- trimethyl- 2- oxocyclohex- 3- enyl) ester

a superoxide scavenger; structure in first source

Also Known As:

cardax; disodium disuccinate astaxanthin; disodium salt disuccinate astaxanthin; rac-dAST

Networked: 9 relevant articles (0 outcomes, 5 trials/studies)

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Lockwood, Samuel F: 8 articles (10/2006 - 05/2004)
2.	Gross, Garrett J: 5 articles (10/2006 - 05/2004)
3.	Bikádi, Zsolt: 2 articles (10/2006 - 06/2006)
4.	Zsila, Ferenc: 2 articles (10/2006 - 06/2006)
5.	Hazen, Stanley L: 2 articles (06/2006 - 02/2006)
6.	Ahmad, Zahid: 1 article (12/2020)
7.	Bays, Harold E: 1 article (12/2020)
8.	Bhatt, Deepak L: 1 article (12/2020)
9.	Caldwell, Kim A: 1 article (12/2020)
10.	Carter, Jeffrey: 1 article (12/2020)

Related Diseases

1.	Infarction (Infarctions) 02/01/2006 - "Animals received one of two concentrations of Cardax in feed (0.1 and 0.4%; approximately 125 and 500 mg/kg/day, respectively) or control feed without drug for 7 days prior to the infarct study carried out on day 8. Thirty minutes of occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was followed by 2 h of reperfusion prior to sacrifice, a regimen which resulted in a mean infarct size (IS) as a percentage (%) of the area at risk (AAR; IS/AAR,%) of 61 +/- 1.8%. " 10/01/2006 - "Disodium disuccinate astaxanthin has potent cardioprotective effects in animals, with demonstrated preclinical efficacy in the rat, rabbit, and canine models of experimental infarction. " 05/28/2004 - "In the current study, intravenous (I.V.) pre-treatment with a novel carotenoid derivative (disodium disuccinate astaxanthin; Cardax) was evaluated as a myocardial salvage agent in a Sprague-Dawley rat infarct model. " 01/01/2005 - "Disodium disuccinate astaxanthin (Cardax), DDA) has cardioprotective effects in the rat, rabbit, and canine models of experimental infarction. " 04/01/2005 - "Previous results from our laboratory have shown that a novel carotenoid derivative (disodium disuccinate astaxanthin; Cardax) produced dose-related reductions in myocardial infarct size (IS) in Sprague-Dawley rats when it was administered at any of three doses (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg, iv) on four consecutive days, followed by the acute infarct size study on day 5. Maximum salvage occurred at the highest dose (75 mg/kg) tested, and was shown as a 56% reduction in IS. "
2.	Myocardial Infarction 05/28/2004 - "These results suggest that parenteral Cardax may find utility in those clinical applications where pre-treatment of patients at risk for myocardial infarction is performed." 04/01/2005 - "Previous results from our laboratory have shown that a novel carotenoid derivative (disodium disuccinate astaxanthin; Cardax) produced dose-related reductions in myocardial infarct size (IS) in Sprague-Dawley rats when it was administered at any of three doses (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg, iv) on four consecutive days, followed by the acute infarct size study on day 5. Maximum salvage occurred at the highest dose (75 mg/kg) tested, and was shown as a 56% reduction in IS. "
3.	Inflammation (Inflammations) 06/06/2006 - "For the current study, it was hypothesized that oral Cardax administration would inhibit oxidative damage of multiple relevant biological targets in a representative, well-characterized murine peritoneal inflammation model. " 06/06/2006 - "The effects of oral Cardax (disodium disuccinate astaxanthin) on multiple independent oxidative stress markers in a mouse peritoneal inflammation model: influence on 5-lipoxygenase in vitro and in vivo."
4.	Heart Diseases (Heart Disease) 12/01/2020 - "Bhatt discloses the following relationships: Advisory board: Cardax, CellProthera, Cereno Scientific, Elsevier Practice Update Cardiology, Level Ex, Medscape Cardiology, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, Regado Biosciences; Board of directors: Boston VA Research Institute, Society of Cardiovascular Patient Care, TobeSoft; Chair: American Heart Association Quality Oversight Committee; Data monitoring committees: Baim Institute for Clinical Research (formerly Harvard Clinical Research Institute, for the PORTICO trial, funded by St. Jude Medical, now Abbott), Cleveland Clinic (including for the ExCEED trial, funded by Edwards), Contego Medical (Chair, PERFORMANCE 2), Duke Clinical Research Institute, Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai School of Medicine (for the ENVISAGE trial, funded by Daiichi Sankyo), Population Health Research Institute; Honoraria: American College of Cardiology (Senior Associate Editor, Clinical Trials and News, ACC.org; Vice chair, ACC Accreditation Committee), Baim Institute for Clinical Research (formerly Harvard Clinical Research Institute; RE-DUAL PCI clinical trial steering committee funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; AEGIS-II executive committee funded by CSL Behring), Belvoir Publications (Editor in Chief, Harvard Heart Letter), Duke Clinical Research Institute (clinical trial steering committees, including for the PRONOUNCE trial, funded by Ferring Pharmaceuticals), HMP Global (Editor in Chief, Journal of Invasive Cardiology), Journal of the American College of Cardiology (Guest Editor; Associate Editor), K2P (Co-Chair, interdisciplinary curriculum), Level Ex, Medtelligence/ReachMD (CME steering committees), MJH Life Sciences, Population Health Research Institute (for the COMPASS operations committee, publications committee, steering committee, and USA national co-leader, funded by Bayer), Slack Publications (Chief Medical Editor, Cardiology Today's Intervention), Society of Cardiovascular Patient Care (Secretary/Treasurer), WebMD (CME steering committees); Other: Clinical Cardiology (Deputy Editor), NCDR-ACTION Registry Steering Committee (Chair), VA CART Research and Publications Committee (Chair); Research funding: Abbott, Afimmune, Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cardax, Chiesi, CSL Behring, Eisai, Ethicon, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Forest Laboratories, Fractyl, Idorsia, Ironwood, Ischemix, Lexicon, Lilly, Medtronic, Pfizer, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Synaptic, The Medicines Company; Royalties: Elsevier (Editor, Cardiovascular Intervention: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease); Site co-investigator: Biotronik, Boston Scientific, CSI, St. Jude Medical (now Abbott), Svelte; Trustee: American College of Cardiology; Unfunded research: FlowCo, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Takeda. "
5.	Peritonitis 10/15/2006 - "The recently recognized direct interaction of the astaxanthin-based soft-drug Cardax to human 5-LOX with molecular modeling, and the downregulation of both 5-HETE and 5-oxo-EET in vivo in a murine peritonitis model, suggest that other important dietary carotenoids may share this enzyme regulatory feature. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	succinic acid mono- (4- (18- (4- (3- carboxypropionyloxy)- 2,6,6- trimethyl- 3- oxocyclohex- 1- enyl)- 3,7,12,16- tetramethyloctadeca- 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17- nonaenyl)- 3,5,5- trimethyl- 2- oxocyclohex- 3- enyl) ester
2.	Carotenoids (Carotene)
3.	Enzymes
4.	Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase (5 Lipoxygenase)
5.	5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
6.	astaxanthine (astaxanthin)
7.	bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (DDA)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Coronary Artery Bypass (Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery)